Daily Briefing Friday, Dec 12

Daily Current Affairs: 12 December 2025

Analysis for 12 December 2025

Alia Bhatt receives Golden Globes Horizon Award at Red Sea International Film Festival

[Golden Globes, Red Sea International Film Festival]

  • Alia Bhatt was honoured with the Golden Globes Horizon Award at the fifth edition of the Red Sea International Film Festival in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Tunisian actor Hend Sabry received the Omar Sharif Award at the same ceremony.
  • Helen Hoehne, president of the Golden Globes, stated that the Horizon Award celebrates Bhatt's exceptional contributions to international cinema and the rise of the Middle East as a global film and television hub.

Similar / Past Coverage

Srikant Bolla receives Ramoji Excellence Award 2025 in Youth Icon category (Mid of November)
  • Srikant Bolla was awarded the Ramoji Award of Excellence in the Youth Icon category at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad.
  • Bolla is the founder of Bollant Industries, which employs over 500 people including a quarter who are specially-abled.
  • He was the first international blind student admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Leonardo DiCaprio to receive Desert Palm Achievement Award at Palm Springs Film Festival 2026 (Mid of November)
  • Hollywood superstar Leonardo DiCaprio is set to be honored with the Desert Palm Achievement Award.
  • The award will be presented at the Palm Springs Film Festival.
  • The ceremony is scheduled for January 3, 2026.
  • The prestigious award recognizes his 'riveting and emotionally-charged performance' in Paul Thomas Anderson's upcoming film, 'One Battle After Another'.
  • The Film Awards event will take place at the Palm Springs Convention Center.
  • Festival Chairman Nachhattar Singh Chandi revealed DiCaprio will be bestowed with the gong.
10th London East Asia Film Festival: 'Project Y' Wins Best Film Award (Start of November)
  • The 10th London East Asia Film Festival (LEAFF) was held on November 2 in London.
  • 'Project Y,' a female-driven crime noir from director Lee Hwan, won Best Film at the 10th London East Asia Film Festival.
  • The film 'Project Y' stars Han So-hee and Jeon Jong-seo.
  • LEAFF also honored Kang Yoon-sung's 'Run to The' with the Future of Asia Cinema Award.
  • The sold-out closing film 'Kokuho' by Korean-Japanese director Lee Sang-il was screened at the festival.
  • Executive Director Jeon Hye-jung reflected on LEAFF's growth into a major Asian film festival in the UK.
International Emmy Awards 2025: Oriol Pla, Anna Maxwell Martin among winners at 53rd ceremony in New York (End of November)
  • The International Emmy Awards 2025 winners were announced at a star-studded event in New York.
  • India’s Diljit Dosanjh lost to Spanish actor Oriol Pla in the Best Actor category on Monday night at the 53rd International Emmy Awards.
  • Oriol Pla (Spain) won the Best Performance by an Actor award for his role in Yo, adicto [“I, Addict”].
  • Anna Maxwell Martin (United Kingdom) won the Best Performance by an Actress award for Until I Kill You.
  • Ryuichi Sakamoto: Last Days (Japan) was awarded in the Arts Programming category.
  • The Comedy award went to Ludwig (United Kingdom).
  • Dispatches: Kill Zone: Inside Gaza won the Current Affairs category.
  • Hell Jumper (United Kingdom) was awarded in the Documentary category.
  • Rivals (United KIngdom) won the Drama Series award.
  • Bluey (Australia) won the Kids: Animation category.
  • Auf Fritzis Spuren – Wie war das so in der DDR? [“On Fritzi’s Traces – What Was It Like in the GDR?”] (Germany) won the Kids: Factual & Entertainment award.
  • Fallen (United Kingdom) won the Kids: Live-Action category.
  • Gaza, Search for Life (Qatar) (Al Jazeera Arabic Programs Directorate) won the News award.
  • Shaolin Heroes (Denmark) won the Non-Scripted Entertainment award.
  • La médiatrice [“The Mediator”] (Canada) won the Short-Form Series award.
  • It’s All Over: The Kiss That Changed the Spanish Football (Spain) won the Sports Documentary award.
  • Deha [“The Good & The Bad”] (Türkiye) won the Telenovela award.
  • Lost Boys & Fairies (United Kingdom) won the TV Movie/Mini-Series award.

Milan Nedeljkovic appointed Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BMW Group

[BMW Group]

  • Milan Nedeljkovic has been appointed as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of BMW Group.
  • He will assume his role.
  • He succeeds Oliver Zipse.
  • Milan Nedeljkovic is an industry veteran in the German automaker.
  • He has been a member of the Board of Management at BMW AG.
  • He was responsible for the company's production.
  • He completed his mechanical engineering from RWTH Aachen University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
  • He also completed his doctorate at the Chair of Forming Technology and Foundry Engineering of the Technical University of Munich.

Similar / Past Coverage

Shailesh Chandra elected President of OICA, becomes first Indian to head the global auto body (Mid of November)
  • Shailesh Chandra, Managing Director & CEO of Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles and Tata Passenger Electric Mobility Ltd, elected President of OICA effective November 1.
  • He becomes the first Indian to head the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA), the Paris-based global association of vehicle manufacturers.
  • Chandra succeeds John Bozzella, President and CEO of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation (USA).
Doug McMillon to retire as Walmart CEO; John Furner named successor (Mid of November)
  • Doug McMillon will step down as Walmart CEO on Jan. 31 and remain on the board until the annual shareholders' meeting.
  • John Furner, president and CEO of Walmart U.S. since 2019, will become CEO on Feb. 1.
  • McMillon started at Walmart in 1984 as an hourly warehouse associate and has been CEO since 2014.
Vikram Sahu appointed CEO of Bank of America NA India (Start of December)
  • Vikram Sahu has been approved by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Bank of America NA (BoFA) in India.
  • He will assume the charge in addition to his current responsibilities as India country executive.
  • He will replace Kaku Nakhate, who served as the bank CEO for about 15 years.
  • Nakhate will take over as the India chair with a focus on deepening relationships with key clients of the India franchise.
  • Sahu will report to Jin Su, president of Asia Pacific for the US bank.
Bajaj Alternate Investment Management hires Jitendra Gohil from Kotak as CIO (End of November)
  • Bajaj Alternate Investment Management Ltd hired Jitendra Gohil as chief investment officer from Kotak Alternate Asset Managers Ltd.
  • India’s alternative asset industry has a committed capital of 15 trillion rupees ($169 billion) according to Securities and Exchange Board of India data.
  • Jitendra Gohil will report to Lakshmi Iyer, group president for investments at Bajaj Alternate Investment.

Supriya Sahu wins United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Champions of the Earth 2025 award

[United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)]

  • Supriya Sahu received the Champions of the Earth 2025 award in the Inspiration and Action category for her subnational climate leadership in Tamil Nadu.
  • She spearheaded the Cool Roof initiative that lowers classroom temperatures by five to eight degrees using solar-reflective paint.
  • She led the Green Tamil Nadu mission, resulting in the planting of more than 100 million trees across the state.
  • She guided the Tamil Nadu mangrove mission, achieving new plantings across 4,300 hectares and restoration across 2,200 hectares with local community participation.

Similar / Past Coverage

Prince William announces Earthshot Prize 2025 winners in Rio (Mid of November)
  • The Earthshot Prize 2025 winners were named at an awards ceremony in Brazil.
  • The ceremony took place in Rio de Janeiro's Museum of Tomorrow.
  • The Prince of Wales, Prince William, founded the global environmental award in 2020 and is the president of the prize.
  • Five winners were chosen from 15 finalists, each receiving £1m to scale up their projects to repair the climate.
  • The five Earthshots, or goals, for which an award is given are: Protect and Restore Nature; Clean Our Air; Revive Our Oceans; Build a Waste-Free World; and Fix Our Climate.
  • Winners included re.green (Brazil), the city of Bogotá (Colombia), The High Seas Treaty, Lagos Fashion Week (Nigeria), and Friendship (Bangladesh).
  • Prince William is scheduled to give a speech at COP30, the UN's annual climate change meeting, in Belem.
Gyaneshwari Yadav and Chandani Sahu receive Chhattisgarh’s top sports awards (Start of November)
  • Vice President C P Radhakrishnan presented the Gundadhur Samman to international weightlifter Gyaneshwari Yadav and the Maharaja Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo Samman to archer Chandani Sahu.
  • Gyaneshwari Yadav secured fifth place in the World Weightlifting Championship held in Manama, Bahrain.
  • Chandani Sahu won a silver medal for Chhattisgarh in the team event at the 38th National Games and was part of the four-member Chhattisgarh team that won a bronze medal in the team archery event.
Sai Gautam Gopalakrishnan receives Manohar Parrikar Yuva Scientist Award 2025 (Start of November)
  • Sai Gautam Gopalakrishnan, an associate professor of materials engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, has been announced for the third edition of the Manohar Parrikar Yuva Scientist Award 2025.
  • He leads a research group in computational materials science at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
  • The award carries a citation and a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh, which is the highest in science and technology in the country.
  • Gopalakrishnan was selected after an intense scrutiny by an expert committee headed by Anil Kakodkar.
  • The award will be presented at Manohar Parrikar Vigyan Mahotsav in Dec.
Sanjeev Kapoor honoured as Top Agri-Food Pioneer by World Food Prize Foundation (End of October)
  • Sanjeev Kapoor — celebrated chef, author and Padma Shri awardee — recognised for transformative contribution to the global food ecosystem.
  • Award presented during the Borlaug Dialogue Week in Des Moines, Iowa.
  • Kapoor’s programmes have served millions of nutritious meals and engaged thousands of children, educators and farmers across India.

Dinesh Khatak Awarded Union Home Minister’s Efficiency Medal

  • Dinesh Khatak, second-in-command (2-IC) of the 196 Battalion, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), was honoured with the “Kendriya Grah Mantri Dakshata Padak” (Union Home Minister’s Efficiency Medal).
  • The award was given by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
  • He is a native of Intel Kalan village in Jind district.
  • Dinesh Khatak joined the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) as a Gazetted Officer in 2005.
  • He played key roles in managing the Amarnath Yatra and maintaining law and order during his deployments in Jammu and Kashmir.
  • He served during crucial phases such as the abrogation of Article 370 and the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Dinesh Khatak contributed to advancing commando training at CIAT Shivpuri.
  • He is currently posted in the Naxal-affected Bijapur district.
  • He has led major security and relief initiatives, including establishing new forward camps and participating in KGH Special Operations.

Similar / Past Coverage

Colonel Prateek Roy received Geddes Gavel Award (Start of December)
  • Colonel Prateek Roy of the Indian Army was awarded the Geddes Gavel Award.
  • He received the award on completion of the Defence Strategic and Studies Course at Australian Defence College.
  • The award is also known as the Commander Australian Defence College Award.
  • The award recognizes the student who displays the greatest understanding of factors influencing regional relationships and decision-making and demonstrates superior knowledge across political, diplomatic, military, cultural, and economic areas.
Bahrain Interior Minister Rashid bin Abdullah Al Khalifa receives INTERPOL Medal of the Highest Order (Start of November)
  • Bahrain's Interior Minister Rashid bin Abdullah Al Khalifa awarded the INTERPOL Medal of the Highest Order
  • Award presented by INTERPOL President during the Middle East International Border Management and Technology Conference
  • Recognition cites 'enhancing global security' and Bahrain's 'commitment to international peace and cooperation'
Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration 2025 rewards exemplary civil-servant initiatives (Start of December)
  • The Government of India has approved the Scheme for the Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public Administration, 2025.
  • The scheme will confer 5 awards under Category 1: Holistic Development of Districts under 11 priority sector programmes.
  • The scheme will confer 5 awards under Category 2: Aspirational Blocks Program.
  • The scheme will confer 6 awards under Category 3: Innovations for Central Ministries/Departments States, Districts.
  • Each awarded District/organization will receive a Trophy, Scroll and an incentive of Rs. 20 lakhs to be utilized for implementation of project/programme or bridging resources gaps in any area of public welfare.
Manohar Lal releases ₹50 commemorative coin to mark NHPC’s 50 years (Start of November)
  • Manohar Lal, Union Minister of Power, Housing and Urban Affairs, released the ₹50 commemorative coin in New Delhi.
  • The coin release recognises NHPC’s contribution to India’s energy self-reliance.
  • He also released a comic book titled 'Chhota Bheem aur Bada Bandh' to popularise hydropower awareness.

Casting Directors Recognized with New Oscar Category

  • A new Oscar category for achievement in casting was added to the Academy Awards.
  • The 98th Academy Awards will air live on ABC on March 15, 2026.
  • Bernard Telsey is a prominent casting director who, with Tiffany Little Canfield, populated both "Wicked" movies.
  • Destiny Lilly is the president of the Casting Society.
  • The Emmys have three categories for casting.
  • The Critics Choice Awards recently added a casting trophy.
  • The Artios Awards, the casting industry's own prize, were first held in 1985.

Similar / Past Coverage

Leonardo DiCaprio named TIME Entertainer of the Year (Mid of December)
  • Leonardo DiCaprio has been named TIME’s Entertainer of the Year.
  • The honour recognises a career spanning more than 35 years.
  • His latest film, One Battle After Another, earned nine Golden Globe nominations.
  • One Battle After Another is DiCaprio’s first collaboration with filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson.
  • Critics regard One Battle After Another as his best work to date.
Mahavatar Narsimha qualifies for Oscars 2026 Best Animated Feature category (End of November)
  • Mahavatar Narsimha has officially qualified for the Oscars 2026 Best Animated Feature race.
  • The film is produced by Kleem Productions in association with Hombale Films.
  • Directed by debut filmmaker Ashwin Kumar, it is India’s first animated feature to reach this stage.
  • The voice cast includes Aditya Raj Sharma, Haripriya Matta, and Priyanka Bhandari in key roles.
Tom Cruise receives his first Oscar, an honorary award (Mid of November)
  • Tom Cruise accepted an honorary Oscar at the 16th annual Academy Governors Awards.
  • He stated from the podium that 'Making films is not what I do, it is who I am.'
  • Cruise has been Oscar-nominated for acting roles in 'Born on the Fourth of July,' 'Jerry Maguire' and 'Magnolia,' and for producing and starring in 'Top Gun: Maverick.'
  • Director Steven Spielberg praised Cruise for 'saving cinema's ass' after he insisted on releasing 'Top Gun: Maverick' in theaters.
  • Director Alejandro G. Iñárritu presented the award to Tom Cruise.
India's Waves Film Bazaar Attracts International Participation, Aims for Global Content Bridge (End of November)
  • The 56th edition of the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) launched the freshly rebranded Waves Film Bazaar.
  • The event is held in Panaji, Goa.
  • International attendees included South Korean MP Jaewon Kim, South Korean actor Kim Jaewon, Australian filmmaker Garth Davis, and Waves Bazaar adviser Jerome Pilloard of France.
  • Waves Film Bazaar is positioned as one of Asia’s most important film markets and aims to help bridge Indian stories with world producers.
  • Dr L. Murugan declared that India is emerging as a global power in production, digital content, gaming, fashion, and music.

Sophie Kinsella, bestselling author, passed away at 55

  • Sophie Kinsella, the bestselling author behind the Shopaholic series, passed away at 55.
  • She died after battling glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer.
  • Kinsella was diagnosed with glioblastoma at the end of 2022.
  • More than 50 million copies of her books have been sold across 60 countries.
  • Her 2024 novella What Does It Feel Like? was inspired by her cancer journey.

Similar / Past Coverage

Sophie Kinsella remembered as 'wonderful, warm woman' (Mid of December)
  • Sophie Kinsella, author of the bestselling Shopaholic series, died at the age of 55.
  • She was diagnosed with a glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer, in 2022.
  • Her books have sold more than 50 million copies in more than 60 countries and have been translated into more than 40 languages.
  • She is survived by her husband Henry and their five children.
Renuka Iyer, MD appointed as Chief Medical Officer of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) (Start of December)
  • Renuka Iyer, MD has been appointed as the new Chief Medical Officer of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN).
  • She previously served as Section Chief of Gastrointestinal Oncology and Medical Director for Medical Oncology at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center.
  • Dr. Iyer has served on the NCCN Guidelines Steering Committee and will now oversee clinical leadership for the NCCN Guidelines program.
World Rose Day observed every year on September 22 (End of September)
  • World Rose Day is observed every year on September 22.
  • It is dedicated to raising awareness about cancer and showing solidarity with patients and their families.
  • The day began in 2000 in memory of Melinda Rose, a 12-year-old Canadian girl who had Askin’s Tumour.
Sir Tom Stoppard, Renowned UK Playwright, Died at 88 (Start of December)
  • Sir Tom Stoppard, a UK playwright, died at the age of 88.
  • He won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for the screenplay for Shakespeare In Love.
  • His play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead won four Tony awards, including best play.
  • His semi-autobiographical work titled Leopoldstadt, released in 2020, won an Olivier award for best new play and four Tony awards.
  • He was knighted by the late Queen for his services to literature in 1997.
  • His notable stage works include Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and The Real Thing.
  • He adapted Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina for the 2012 film starring Keira Knightley and Jude Law.
  • Born Tomas Straussler in Czechoslovakia, his parents fled from imminent Nazi occupation.
  • He worked as a journalist in Bristol in 1954 before becoming a theatre critic and writing plays for radio and TV.
  • King Charles III and Queen Camilla expressed deep sadness at his death, calling him one of their greatest writers.
  • The Writers' Guild stated he received their award for outstanding contribution to writing in 2017.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approves State Bank of India (SBI) and Bank of Baroda (BoB) to establish Indian Digital Payment Intelligence Corporation (IDPIC) as Section 8 non-profit for fraud detection.

[Reserve Bank of India (RBI), State Bank of India (SBI), Bank of Baroda (BoB), Indian Digital Payment Intelligence Corporation (IDPIC)]

  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI) grants approval to State Bank of India (SBI) and Bank of Baroda (BoB) to set up Indian Digital Payment Intelligence Corporation (IDPIC).
  • IDPIC will be formed as a Section 8 company under the Companies Act, 2013.
  • The platform aims to detect and prevent fraudulent digital transactions in public sector banks.
  • Approval is conditional on exemption from Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance, allowing banks to hold over 30% of paid-up share capital in IDPIC until October 16, 2026.

Similar / Past Coverage

NPCI Bharat BillPay Limited (NBBL) rolls out Banking Connect platform (Start of December)
  • NPCI Bharat BillPay Limited (NBBL) introduced Banking Connect, an interoperable platform aimed at simplifying internet and mobile banking.
  • The new system is designed to reduce the complexity of current net banking processes, which often require multiple integrations, varied customer credentials, and non-standard settlement flows.
  • Banking Connect offers interoperable workflows, a uniform interface, mobile-first design, and support for biometric authentication.
  • The platform removes transaction caps and introduces standardised APIs to reduce delays, redirections and timeout errors.
  • It supports low-code or no-code integration for merchants, enabling quicker adoption and improved success rates.
  • Banking Connect is live with HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, YES Bank, AU Small Finance Bank and Federal Bank.
  • Payment aggregators such as Infibeam, PayU, Pinelabs, Cashfree, Razorpay, HDFC Bank Smart Gateway, Zoho, Easebuzz, Juspay, OPEN and SBI ePay have integrated with the platform.
  • NBBL, a wholly owned subsidiary of NPCI, operates digital payment and collection systems, including the Bharat BillPay ecosystem and B2B solutions for collections and reconciliation.
  • NBBL also serves as the designated settlement agency for the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC).
RBI Issues Detailed Guidelines for Payment Aggregators and Payment Gateways (Mid of September)
  • Non-bank Payment Aggregators must obtain RBI authorisation under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
  • Non-bank PAs must maintain a minimum net-worth of Rs 15 crore at the time of application, increasing to Rs 25 crore by the end of the third financial year.
  • PAs must conduct background checks of merchants and ensure compliance with Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI-DSS).
  • Funds collected by PAs must be kept in an escrow account with a scheduled commercial bank and all settlements must be routed through the escrow mechanism.
  • PAs must report cyber incidents immediately to RBI and CERT-In and undergo mandatory annual security audits by CERT-In empanelled auditors.
RBI Recognizes SRPA as First SRO for Payment System Operators (Mid of November)
  • The Reserve Bank of India has recognised the Self-Regulated PSO Association (SRPA) as the first Self-Regulatory Organisation for Payment System Operators.
  • In October 2025, the RBI recognised the Finance Industry Development Council (FIDC) as the SRO for NBFCs.
  • The RBI granted SRO status to the FinTech Association for Consumer Empowerment (FACE) in August 2024.
  • The recognition follows the RBI’s Framework for Recognition of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for Payment System Operators, issued in October 2020.
  • The recognition also follows the Omnibus Framework for Recognition of SROs for Regulated Entities of the Reserve Bank released in March 2024.
  • According to the 2020 framework, an SRO must be a not-for-profit entity comprising only regulated payment system participants, both banks and non-banks.
  • Once recognised, an SRO like SRPA is tasked with setting behavioural and professional standards for its members, resolving inter-PSO disputes, and acting as the collective voice of the payments industry in consultations with the RBI and other authorities.
  • An SRO will also monitor member compliance and report violations of RBI guidelines or the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
Fintech firm Easebuzz receives RBI nod for full-service payment aggregator operations (End of November)
  • Fintech firm Easebuzz has secured authorisation from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as a full-service Payment Aggregator.
  • The authorisation covers online, offline, and cross-border transactions.
  • Easebuzz is now among only three Indian payment fintechs to hold all three key licenses.
  • This approval enables Easebuzz to provide merchants with end-to-end payment capabilities, including online payment acceptance, in-person payments through POS devices and UPI soundboxes, and cross-border inward and outward transactions.
  • Rohit Prasad, MD & CEO of Easebuzz, stated that the move stresses the RBI’s “progressive approach” in enabling innovation across integrated payment ecosystems.
  • Easebuzz currently serves more than 2.5 lakh merchants.
  • It processes around 3 million transactions per day.
  • Its annualised Gross Transaction Value stands at over $50 billion.
  • For FY2024-25, the company reported revenue of ₹656 crore and a net profit of ₹19 crore.
  • Easebuzz continues to focus on sector-specific SaaS integrations as part of its long-term strategy.
  • Its verticalised solutions cater to sectors such as education, insurance, NBFCs, travel, e-commerce, retail, government and real estate, embedding payment capabilities via SaaS APIs to digitise and streamline financial workflows.

The Banker awards Bank of Baroda (BoB) Best Bank in India

[Bank of Baroda, The Banker]

  • Bank of Baroda (BoB) received the 'Best Bank in India' title from The Banker, a Financial Times publication, at the 2025 Asia-Pacific awards.
  • BoB operates phygital branches that allow customers to obtain statements, generate income tax payment certificates, update nominees and receive financial advice over video calls.
  • BoB has opened 184 new branches across India to expand reach.
  • BoB's Smart OD product provides small businesses quick working capital within 24 hours based on transaction history.
  • BoB offers liquid fixed deposits with higher interest rates and anytime withdrawal without loss of earnings.

Similar / Past Coverage

RCMS Bank Wins Best Profit-Making Bank Award in Belagavi District (End of November)
  • Rani Channamma Mahila Sahakari Bank (RCMS Bank) was honoured as the Best Profit-Making Bank in Belagavi District for 2025.
  • The award was presented during the 72nd All India Cooperative Week celebrations held in Haveri.
  • The Karnataka State Urban Cooperative Banks Federation, Bengaluru, presented the award.
  • RCMS Bank is headquartered in Belgaum.
  • The felicitation was received by the bank’s Chairperson, Preeti Kore Daddwad.
  • Coop Kumbh 2025 was held in New Delhi.
  • Coop Kumbh 2025 was inaugurated by Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah.
  • RCMS Bank’s Professional Director, Ms. Beena Achar, highlighted the bank’s journey during Coop Kumbh 2025.
  • NAFCUB Chairman Emeritus H. K. Patel was present at the award event.
PSU Banks Record ₹49,456 Crore Q2 Profit, Up 9% YoY; SBI Leads with 40% Share (Start of November)
  • State Bank of India-led public sector banks posted a record cumulative profit of Rs 49,456 crore in the second quarter of the current fiscal, reflecting a 9 per cent year-on-year growth.
  • SBI alone contributed 40 per cent to the total earnings of Rs 49,456 crore, logging a net profit of Rs 20,160 crore in Q2 FY26, 10 per cent higher than the same period of the previous fiscal.
  • Indian Overseas Bank reported the highest net profit growth of 58 per cent to Rs 1,226 crore, followed by Central Bank of India with a 33 per cent rise to Rs 1,213 crore.
  • Bank of Baroda reported an 8 per cent fall in net profit at Rs 4,809 crore as against Rs 5,238 crore in the year-ago period; Union Bank of India witnessed a 10 per cent decline in bottomline at Rs 4,249 crore during the quarter.
  • For the first half ended September 2025, the aggregate profit of PSBs crossed Rs 90,000 crore for the first time, together earning Rs 93,674 crore as compared to Rs 85,520 crore in the April-September period of FY25, registering nearly 10 per cent growth.
SBI bags 'World's Best Consumer Bank 2025' and 'Best Bank in India 2025' from Global Finance (Start of November)
  • State Bank of India received the 'World's Best Consumer Bank 2025' and 'Best Bank in India 2025' awards from Global Finance, New York.
  • SBI serves 520 million customers and adds 65,000 new customers daily.
  • The bank's home loan portfolio has crossed Rs 8.5 lakh crore.
  • As of June 2025, SBI's deposit base is over Rs 54.73 lakh crore with a CASA ratio of 39.36 per cent and advances of more than Rs 42.54 lakh crore.
  • SBI commands a market share of 27.7 per cent in home loans and 19.03 per cent in auto loans.
  • The bank has 22,980 branches and 62,200 ATMs/ADWMs, along with over 76,800 BC outlets.
  • YONO, SBI's digital platform, has more than 9.04 crore registered users and witnessed 27.4 lakh new registrations in Q1FY26.
  • During Q1 FY26, SBI disbursed pre-approved personal loans worth Rs 1,791 crores through YONO.
Bank of India and State Bank of India (SBI) sign MoU to establish Centre of Excellence for Strategic Leadership in Project Financing Across India (Start of December)
  • Bank of India and State Bank of India (SBI) collaborate on co-financing, capacity building, and co-branded initiatives.
  • The MoU provides a framework for the two banks to collaborate on multiple fronts.
  • The partnership addresses structured project financing in infrastructure, energy, and industrial development sectors.
  • State Bank of India (SBI) offers retail banking, corporate banking, treasury operations, and international banking.
  • Bank of India focuses on corporate banking, project financing, and trade services.

NITI Aayog releases Report on Deepening the Corporate Bond Market in India

[NITI Aayog]

  • NITI Aayog CEO Shri B.V.R. Subrahmanyam released the report titled “Deepening the Corporate Bond Market in India” on 11th December 2025 in New Delhi.
  • The report outlines a reform-oriented roadmap to build a deeper, more resilient, and inclusive bond market capable of supporting India’s long-term investment requirements.
  • India’s corporate bond market remains constrained by limited market depth, concentrated investor profiles, and modest secondary-market activity.
  • The report recommends strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks, enhancing market infrastructure and transparency, and facilitating greater issuance by mid-size firms.
  • It proposes broadening participation of insurance, pension and retail investors and expanding product offerings such as credit-enhanced instruments, long-tenor bonds, and sustainability-linked products.
  • The study advocates improving liquidity in primary and secondary markets through deeper market-making and repo facilities and leveraging digital innovations including tokenised bonds and integrated data systems.

Similar / Past Coverage

NITI Aayog Releases Twin Reports on India’s Services Sector: Services Contribute Nearly 55% of National GVA (End of October)
  • The services sector contributes nearly 55 per cent of national GVA in 2024–25.
  • The first report is titled 'India’s Services Sector: Insights from GVA Trends and State-Level Dynamics'.
  • The second report is titled 'India’s Services Sector: Insights from Employment trends and State-Level Dynamics'.
Insurance Surety Bonds for NHAI contracts cross ₹10,000 crore (Mid of September)
  • Insurance Surety Bonds (ISB) issued for NHAI contracts have crossed the ₹10,000 crore-mark, reaching about ₹10,369 crore.
  • Twelve insurance companies have issued around 1,600 ISBs as bid security and 207 ISBs as performance security for NHAI contracts.
  • The Ministry of Finance has placed e-BG and Insurance Surety Bonds on par with Bank Guarantees for all government procurements.
India's Sovereign Rating Upgraded to BBB+ by Japan's R&I (End of September)
  • India's long-term sovereign credit rating has been upgraded by Japan's Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (R&I) from 'BBB' to 'BBB+', while the Outlook remains Stable.
  • This marks the third sovereign rating upgrade for India in 2025.
  • Earlier, S&P raised India's rating from 'BBB-' to 'BBB' in August, and Morningstar DBRS upgraded from 'BBB (low)' to 'BBB' in May.
  • According to the R&I rating review, the upgrade reflects India's status as one of the world's largest and fastest-growing economies, supported by its strong demographic dividend, robust domestic demand and prudent government policies.
  • R&I also noted that fiscal consolidation has progressed, driven by buoyant tax revenues, rationalised subsidies, high growth rates and a manageable level of debt.
  • The agency assessed risks in the financial system as limited.
  • The government policies under Prime Minister Narendra Modi were also praised. These include efforts to attract foreign manufacturers, infrastructure development, strengthening of legal and institutional frameworks for business, reduced dependence on energy imports, and ensuring economic security.
RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra releases National Strategy for Financial Inclusion (NSFI) 2025-30 (Start of December)
  • NSFI 2025-30 emphasises synergistic ecosystem approach improving quality and consistency of last-mile access and effective usage of financial services.
  • NSFI 2025-30 lists five objectives called Panch-Jyoti and 47 action points.
  • NSFI 2025-30 adopts gender-sensitive approach for women-led financial inclusion.
  • NSFI 2025-30 includes differentiated strategies for improving financial resilience of households especially underserved and vulnerable segments.
  • NSFI 2025-30 focuses on improving availability and use of equitable responsible suitable and affordable financial services for households and micro enterprises.
  • NSFI 2025-30 synergises livelihood skill development and support ecosystem linkages with financial inclusion.
  • Earlier five-year strategy ending in 2024 achieved its objectives.
  • NSFI 2025-30 framed under Technical Group on Financial Inclusion and Financial Literacy (TGFIFL).

World Inequality Report 2026 (WIR) Reveals India's Extreme Income and Wealth Concentration

[World Inequality Report]

  • The World Inequality Report 2026 (WIR) situates India as one of the world’s most unequal large economies.
  • In India, the top 10% earners capture 58% of national income.
  • In India, the bottom 50% receives only 15% of national income.
  • The top 10% in India holds about 65% of national wealth.
  • The top 1% in India holds about 40% of national wealth.
  • India's average annual income per capita (PPP) is 6,200 Euros.
  • India's average wealth per capita (PPP) is 28,000 Euros.
  • India's female labour participation rate is 15.7%, showing no improvement over the past decade.
  • In 1980, a larger share of India’s population was in the “middle-40%” globally, but now almost all are in the bottom 50% globally.
  • Globally, the top 10% of the population earn 53% of global income, while the bottom 50% receive only 8%.
  • Globally, the top 10% own 75% of all global wealth, while the bottom 50% own only 2%.
  • The global top 0.001% (fewer than 60,000 people) hold three times more wealth than the poorest 50% of humanity combined.
  • Since the 1990s, the wealth of billionaires has grown at approximately 8% annually, nearly twice the rate of growth experienced by the bottom half of the population.

Similar / Past Coverage

Divergence in India's Consumption Data: PFCE vs. HCES (Mid of September)
  • Household consumption is the "single largest driver (60 per cent) of India’s GDP".
  • The gap between Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) and Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) has "widened from around 5 per cent in 1972–73 to nearly 45 per cent in 2022–23".
  • The "AK Adhikari committee report on PFCE, MoSPI, 2015" noted the magnitude and persistence of the gap between PFCE and HCES.
  • The latest HCES round in "2022-23 estimates monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) at ₹3,773 in rural areas and ₹6,459 in urban areas, increasing to ₹4,122 and ₹6,996 in 2023-24".
  • In "HCES 2023-24, food accounts for 46 per cent of rural and 39 per cent of urban MPCE, down from 53 per cent and 42 per cent in 2011-12".
  • The difference between the two estimates increased "from 5 per cent in 1972-73 to around 45 per cent by 2011-12, 46 per cent in 2022-23 and (an estimate of) 47.5 per cent in 2023-24".
Government to Conduct Key Economic Surveys on Household Finances and Farmers' Economic Situation (Mid of September)
  • The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation is all set to conduct two key economic surveys — to measure household finances and to gauge the economic situation of India’s farmers.
  • These surveys are the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) and the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural Households.
  • Both of these nationally representative surveys are scheduled to be conducted from July 2026 to June 2027.
  • The AIDIS provides “critical” data on household indebtedness and asset ownership across both rural and urban areas.
  • Its findings are instrumental in shaping national accounts, assessing inequality in asset distribution, understanding credit markets, and informing policies of the Reserve Bank of India, MoSPI, and other government institutions.
  • The SAS of Agricultural Households is designed to assess the economic conditions of farming communities.
  • The SAS includes data on agricultural household income and expenditure, indebtedness and access to credit, land and livestock ownership, crop and livestock production, farming practices and the use of technology, and access to government schemes and crop insurance.
  • The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, NITI Aayog, researchers, and financial institutions utilise the survey findings to shape policies and programmes aimed at agriculture and rural development.
  • MoSPI has uploaded the draft concept notes and schedules of both surveys on its website and has invited policymakers, researchers, farmer groups, financial institutions, and the general public to share their feedback.
G20 Report Details Surge in Wealth for India's Richest 1% and Global Inequality at 'Emergency' Levels (Start of November)
  • India’s richest 1 per cent expanded their wealth by 62 per cent between 2000 and 2023, according to a report commissioned by the South African Presidency of the G20.
  • The study, led by Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz, described inequality as having reached “emergency” levels that now threaten democracy, economic stability and climate progress.
  • The top 1 per cent globally captured 41 per cent of all new wealth created between 2000 and 2024, while the bottom half of humanity received only 1 per cent.
  • In China, the top 1% have grown their share of wealth by 54% over the period of 2000–2023.
  • The G20 Extraordinary Committee of Independent Experts on Global Inequality proposed establishing an International Panel on Inequality (IPI), modelled on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to monitor inequality trends and guide global policymaking.
  • Global poverty reduction has stalled since 2020, with 2.3 billion people now facing food insecurity and 1.3 billion impoverished by health costs.
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) estimates India’s Q2 FY26 GDP growth at 8.2% (End of November)
  • India’s real GDP expanded 8.2% in Q2 FY26, according to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
  • MoSPI estimates India’s first-half (H1) FY26 real GDP growth at 8.0%.
  • Real Gross Value Added (GVA) increased 8.1% in Q2 FY26.
  • The secondary sector grew 8.1% and the tertiary sector grew 9.2% in Q2 FY26.
  • Manufacturing output rose 9.1% in Q2 FY26.
  • Financial, real estate, and professional services grew 10.2% in Q2 FY26.
  • Real Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) grew 7.9% in Q2 FY26.
  • Government consumption (GFCE) contracted 2.7% in Q2 FY26.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) rose 7.3% in Q2 FY26.
  • Exports grew 5.6% and imports increased 12.8% in Q2 FY26.

Forbes Real-Time Billionaire List records 3,028 billionaires with combined net worth of $16.1 trillion.

  • Elon Musk leads the list with a net worth of $480.5 billion and is on track to become the first trillionaire.
  • Larry Page ranks second with a net worth of $262.2 billion, surpassing Larry Ellison.
  • Sergey Brin is fourth with a net worth of $243.1 billion, pushing Jeff Bezos to fifth place.
  • Nine of the top 10 billionaires are Americans, with Bernard Arnault of France being the sole exception.
  • Mukesh Ambani is India’s richest person with a net worth of $114 billion, ranking 16th globally.

Similar / Past Coverage

Arkin Gupta featured in Forbes 30 Under 30 list for financial innovation (Start of December)
  • Arkin Gupta was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30 list for his contributions to financial innovation and early-stage investment strategies.
  • Forbes highlighted his pioneering work in developing data-driven investment frameworks and his leadership in creating scalable financial products.
  • Gupta stated that this recognition reinforces the importance of democratizing access to smarter financial tools.
US Business News Staff Highlights Record Surge in Inherited Billionaires (Start of December)
  • Over the past year, 91 heirs collectively received $298 billion in wealth transfers, marking the largest surge since records began in 2015.
  • The $298 billion transferred in 2025 represents a more than 30% increase from the previous year.
  • Nearly 200 individuals joined the billionaire ranks through entrepreneurial efforts in the past year, collectively adding over $380 billion in wealth.
  • Billionaires collectively now hold $15.8 trillion in wealth, which exceeds the combined GDP of several major economies.
  • An estimated $5.9 trillion is expected to be transferred within billionaire families over the next 15 years.
Forbes Real-Time Billionaires List Ranks Larry Page Second Richest Person Globally (End of November)
  • Larry Page is the world's second-richest person with an estimated net worth of $264.9 billion.
  • Sergey Brin is the world's fourth-richest person with an estimated net worth of $245.6 billion.
  • Elon Musk holds the top rank with a net worth of $476.4 billion.
  • Larry Ellison is ranked third with a net worth of $247.4 billion.
  • Jeff Bezos is ranked fifth with a net worth of $241.5 billion.
  • Alphabet's market capitalization is nearing $4 trillion.
  • Alphabet breached the $3 trillion market capitalization threshold in September.
  • Sergey Brin donated $700 million earlier this year.
  • Sergey Brin gave away $615 million and $600 million in 2023.
Larry Page Becomes Third Richest Person Globally Following Google AI Model Launch (End of November)
  • Larry Page is Google’s cofounder.
  • He became the third richest person in the world, overtaking Amazon founder Jeff Bezos.
  • His net worth jumped after the launch of Google’s new AI model, Gemini 3.
  • Page owns about 6% of Alphabet, Google’s parent company.
  • After the stock surge settled, Page’s wealth is now $249 billion.

Mexico Senate approves up to 50% tariffs on China and other non-FTA countries

[Mexico, China]

  • Mexico Senate passed new tariffs of up to 50% on over 1,400 products including metals, cars, clothing and appliances.
  • The levies will take effect on 1 January 2026 and apply to countries without a free trade agreement with Mexico, including China, Thailand, India and Indonesia.
  • President Claudia Sheinbaum stated the measures are needed to boost domestic production.
  • China’s commerce ministry spokesperson said the tariffs will substantially harm the interests of trading partners including China and urged Mexico to correct its decision.
  • The move comes as Mexico negotiates with the US over threatened US tariffs on Mexican steel and aluminium.

Similar / Past Coverage

India imposes anti-dumping duty on hot rolled flat steel from Vietnam (Mid of November)
  • India has imposed an anti-dumping duty of USD 121.55 per tonne on imports of hot rolled flat steel products from Vietnam for five years.
  • Steel imports stood at 4.90 million tonnes in April-September FY26, with Vietnam contributing 13 per cent.
  • Imports from Vietnam were 0.64 million tonnes, 17 per cent higher year-on-year.
United States (US) President Donald Trump Threatens New Tariffs on Indian Rice Imports (Start of December)
  • United States (US) President Donald Trump hinted at potential new tariffs on Indian rice imports, citing 'dumping' as damaging domestic growers.
  • Indian rice exporters on Dalal Street faced a significant downturn following the US President's remarks.
  • Kohinoor Foods stock fell 9.9% to Rs 24.41, reaching its intraday and 52-week low on the BSE.
  • LT Foods stock dropped 6.5% to Rs 368, while KRBL stock retreated 2.7% to Rs 370.05.
  • The US had previously imposed a 50% tariff on Indian goods in August, consisting of an already levied 25% tariff and an additional 25% duties.
  • The US alleged the additional duties were due to India's continued purchase of Russian oil.
  • US President Donald Trump also hinted that Canadian fertiliser imports could face higher duties, with earlier proposals suggesting a rise of up to 10%, potentially reaching 45%.
WTO projects 40% AI-driven boost to global trade flows by 2040 (End of September)
  • World Trade Organisation forecasts AI could raise cross-border goods and services flows by nearly 40% by 2040 through productivity gains
  • Global trade projected to rise 34-37% across scenarios based on policy and technological catch-up between income groups
  • Digitally deliverable services trade, including AI services, expected to record largest growth at 42%
  • Global trade in AI-enabling goods (raw materials, semiconductors, intermediate inputs) totalled $2.3 trillion in 2023
  • Number of quantitative restrictions on AI-related goods jumped from 130 in 2012 to almost 500 in 2024
Trump-Takaichi Tokyo Summit: US-Japan Critical Minerals & Rare Earths Supply Pact Signed (End of October)
  • Event: Bilateral summit at Akasaka Palace, Tokyo, between U.S. President Donald Trump and Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi.
  • Agreement signed: "to assist both countries in achieving resilience and security of critical minerals and rare earths supply chains" and "jointly identify projects of interest to address gaps in supply chains for critical minerals and rare earths, including derivative products such as permanent magnets, batteries, catalysts, and optical materials."
  • Defence commitment: PM Takaichi pledged to "fast-track plans to increase defence spending to 2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP)."
  • Economic package: Japan expected to offer a "$550bn deal" covering "shipbuilding and increased purchases of US soya beans, natural gas and pick-up trucks."

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) launches Trump Gold Card visa with $1 million post-approval fee

[Department of Homeland Security (DHS)]

  • Applicants pay a non-refundable $15,000 processing fee to DHS before vetting begins.
  • The $1 million residency fee is payable only after DHS approval.
  • Corporate sponsors pay $2 million per employee plus a 1% annual maintenance fee of $20,000.
  • A 5% transfer fee of $100,000 applies when a company reassigns the visa to another employee.

Similar / Past Coverage

Trump Administration Adds $100,000 Fee to H-1B Visa Applications; Program Details Revealed (End of September)
  • The Trump administration is adding $100,000 to the existing fee for H-1B visa applications.
  • H-1B visas are already expensive, with the cost ranging from about $1,700 to $4,500.
  • The $100,000 is a one-time fee that only applies to new visas and is not an annual payment.
  • The H-1B program is capped at 65,000 new visas each year, although an additional 20,000 can be issued for employees with a master's degree or higher, according to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
  • Amazon received the most H1-B visas of any business in 2024, Department of Labor data shows.
  • This year, Amazon remains the leading recipient of the visas, with more than 10,000 awarded, followed by Tata Consultancy, Microsoft, Apple and Google.
  • About 20% of applications result in approved workers, according to a March study from the nonpartisan National Foundation for American Policy.
US Export-Import Bank (Exim) commits $1.25 billion financing for Reko Diq mining project (Mid of December)
  • US President Donald Trump’s administration committed $1.25 billion in financing from the US Export-Import Bank (Exim) for the Reko Diq mining project in Pakistan’s Balochistan province.
  • The financing is set to support the import of up to $2 billion in US mining equipment and services.
  • Acting US Ambassador Natalie Baker announced the approval, describing it as a “win-win” for both nations.
  • The US Embassy in Islamabad hailed the deal as a “game-changer” for economic growth in Balochistan.
  • This initiative is projected to create 6,000 jobs in the US and 7,500 jobs in Balochistan.
  • The project aims to unlock one of the world’s largest undeveloped copper and gold deposits.
  • Reko Diq is owned 50% by Canadian firm Barrick Gold, 25% by Pakistan’s federal government, and 25% by the Balochistan government.
  • The Reko Diq project carries a total development cost of around $7 billion and aims for production by 2028.
  • Once operational, the project could generate $2.8 billion in export revenue in its first year.
  • Saudi Arabia’s Manara Minerals has signaled interest in a 15% stake in the project.
Donald Trump receives Grand Order of Mugunghwa and replica Silla crown from South Korea (End of October)
  • Donald Trump was presented with the Grand Order of Mugunghwa, South Korea's highest decoration, and a replica of an ancient Silla dynasty gold crown during his meeting with South Korean President Lee Jae Myung.
  • The award ceremony took place at the National Museum in Gyeongju on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation leaders' summit.
  • The Silla crown was described as representing 'the divine connection between the authority of the heavens and sovereignty on earth, as well as strong leadership.'
USCIS ends cheque, money order payments: What new debit rule means for H-1B and F-1 applicants (Start of November)
  • USCIS has discontinued payments by cheque and money order for all immigration filings.
  • Applicants must now authorise payments through electronic debit using Form G-1650, which allows USCIS to withdraw funds directly from a US bank account.
  • Over 90 percent of past payments were made using cheques or money orders, which often delayed processing and increased the risk of fraud or missed payments.
  • For H-1B and other employer-sponsored work visas, Form G-1450 remains available for credit card transactions.
  • The rule change could be particularly inconvenient for international students on F-1 visas and newly hired H-1B employees who lack access to a US checking account.
  • USCIS cautions that any incorrect account or routing number on Form G-1650 could lead to rejection of the case.
  • Prepaid or reloadable credit cards may serve as a short-term alternative for those without US bank access, provided they meet USCIS payment authorisation standards.

Sujalam Bharat App Launched to Build Digital Backbone for Viksit Bharat 2047

[Union Jal Shakti Minister]

  • The Ministry of Jal Shakti launched the Sujalam Bharat App.
  • The Sujalam Bharat App was launched on December 10, 2025.
  • The app integrates every rural water scheme into a Unified System.
  • It aims to provide villages with real-time access to rural drinking water supply assets.
  • The app is designed to transform rural drinking water governance.

Similar / Past Coverage

Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and Bharat-WIN Portal launched to support water innovation with grants-in-aid (Mid of December)
  • The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) launched the Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and the Bharat-WIN Portal under the National Water Mission.
  • Winning participants will receive a ₹1 lakh grant for developing a Proof-of-Concept (PoC).
  • The portal is open to startups, MSMEs, research institutions, young innovators, rural youth, women-led enterprises, academia, and global collaborators.
  • The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee, is the designated Project Implementation Agency (PIA).
UIDAI Launches New Aadhaar Mobile Application with Digital Sharing and Verification Features (Mid of November)
  • The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has announced a new Aadhaar mobile application for iOS and Android devices.
  • The app is available on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store, offering users a digital option to carry their Aadhaar and use it for instant verification.
  • The authority has announced an early access that will allow residents to test the service and share feedback before its final rollout.
  • Users can share their Aadhaar digitally, removing the need for physical copies, with details shareable using a QR code or as verifiable credentials.
  • Shared Aadhaar data is masked, so users do not reveal the full 12-digit number.
  • Up to five Aadhaar profiles can be added on one device if they are linked to the same registered mobile number.
  • The app includes biometric locking and unlocking, ensuring biometric data remains secure until intentionally unlocked or disabled.
Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah launches e-Swathu 2.0: Rs 2,000 crore revenue boost (Start of December)
  • Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah launched the revamped digital platform e-Swathu 2.0.
  • e-Swathu 2.0 is expected to generate up to Rs 2,000 crore revenue by regularising 95 lakh properties in gram panchayats across the state.
  • Revenue is estimated to increase by Rs 1,778 crore, potentially up to Rs 2,000 crore with effective implementation.
  • The portal enables residents to obtain digital e-khata documents (Forms 11A and 11B) quickly and transparently.
  • All Panchayat property records will receive 11B accounts within 15 days of application, provided online and through Bapuji Centres.
Sarpanch Samvaad National Quality Conclave: Digital Empowerment and Good Governance Challenge for Rural Development (Mid of September)
  • The Sarpanch Samvaad National Quality Conclave was hosted by "The Quality Council of India (QCI) , in collaboration with the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti and the Ministry of Panchayati Raj".
  • The event was "centered around the theme “Viksit Gram se Viksit Bharat”".
  • The conclave marked "the successful onboarding of over 60,000 Sarpanchs from across India onto the Sarpanch Samvaad mobile application , creating the nation’s first digital community of grassroots leaders".
  • The Sarpanch Samvaad mobile application "enables sarpanchs to share solutions, exchange ideas, and collaborate digitally to accelerate rural development."
  • A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed "between QCI and DDWS , symbolizing a shared national commitment to water and sanitation-led rural development".
  • The conclave announced "the 100-Day Good Governance Challenge on the Sarpanch Samvaad mobile application".
  • The 100-Day Good Governance Challenge is "to run from September 17, 2025 (Prime Minister’s birthday) until December 25, 2025 (Good Governance Day)".
  • The challenge "will mobilize Sarpanch-led campaigns across the country, reinforcing Panchayats as catalysts of rural progress and good governance".

Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) Reconstituted with Statutory Powers

[Delhi]

  • The Union environment ministry (MoEFCC) has reconstituted the Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) with statutory powers.
  • The December 1 notification for the Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) was issued under powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
  • The Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) will be responsible for issuing permissions related to use of the Delhi Ridge, and monitoring and acting against encroachments and other violations.
  • The Delhi Ridge Management Board (DRMB) will have 13 members and be headed by the chief secretary of the Delhi government.

Similar / Past Coverage

NGT Zonal Bench Chennai convenes Regional Conference on Environment 2025 (Start of December)
  • The Zonal Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), Chennai, is organizing the Regional Conference on Environment, 2025 on the 6th and 7th of December 2025.
  • The conference will include three Technical Sessions; The First session will address "Environmental Law Enforcement & Biodiversity Conservation Role of Regulatory Authorities".
  • The second session will discuss "Solid Waste and Biomedical Waste Management Policy Overview".
  • The Third session will focus on "Challenges in Protecting Coastal Zones".
Union Ministry of Power Policy for Co-firing Biomass and MSW Charcoal in Thermal Power Plants (Mid of November)
  • The Union Ministry of Power, Government of India, released a comprehensive policy on co-firing biomass and torrefied charcoal from municipal solid waste in coal-based thermal power plants (TPP) on November 7, 2025.
  • The policy aims to utilise surplus agricultural residue and unmanaged municipal waste to reduce emissions and support the Swachh Bharat Mission.
  • All coal-based thermal power plants in Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) are directed to use a 5 per cent (by weight) blend of biomass pellets and an additional 2 per cent blend of either biomass pellets or torrefied charcoal made from MSW, along with coal, with effect from financial year 2025-26.
  • Other thermal power plants outside NCR will have to co-fire 5 per cent (by weight) of biomass pellets or torrefied MSW charcoal from 2025-26.
  • For TPPs located in NCR and adjoining areas, a minimum of 50 per cent of the raw material in pellets must consist of stubble, straw or rice paddy crop residue sourced exclusively from NCR and adjoining regions.
  • The cost of co-firing biomass pellets and MSW charcoal shall be passed through the Energy Charge Rate (ECR) for TPPs under Section 62 of the Electricity Act, 2003, or claimed under change-in-law provisions/fuel cost pass-through for TPPs under Section 63.
  • There is also a provision for exemptions on a case-by-case basis, to be examined by a committee comprising representatives of the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, SAMARTH Mission, the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Central Power Research Institute.
CAQM revises Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Delhi-NCR (End of November)
  • Implementing body: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
  • Key revision: Several Stage IV measures now apply at Stage III (e.g., 50% physical staffing in public/private offices, work-from-home for remainder)
  • Additional shift: Stage II measures moved to Stage I (uninterrupted power supply, synchronized traffic flow, media advisories, augmented CNG/electric bus & metro services, differential off-peak fares)
  • Further shift: Stage III measures moved to Stage II (staggered office timings for GNCTD, NCR state governments, and Central Government offices in Delhi-NCR)
Delhi's Air Quality Enters 'Red Zone' Amidst Severe Pollution (Start of November)
  • Delhi's air quality has entered the 'red zone' with AQI crossing 400, making it the country's second most polluted city.
  • With a 24-hour average AQI of 361, Delhi became the country’s second most polluted city, according to CPCB data.
  • Several areas, including Wazirpur (420), Burari (418), and Vivek Vihar (411), recorded 'severe' pollution levels.
  • In the NCR, Noida (354), Greater Noida (336), and Ghaziabad (339) also reported hazardous air.
  • Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) stage 3 has not been enforced yet because, according to the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), the city’s air quality this November has remained comparatively better than the same period last year.
  • Officials credited this improvement to timely and coordinated actions across departments, including intensified dust control, road cleaning, anti-smog operations, and stricter checks on vehicles and industrial emissions.
  • The air quality early warning system for Delhi has forecast that the city’s air will stay in the ‘very poor’ category for the coming days.

SAMPANN Portal Launch Integrates MTNL Retirees into Digital Pension Framework

  • Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA) Smt. Vandana Gupta officially launched the onboarding process for all MTNL employees set to retire in November 2025 onto the SAMPANN portal.
  • The initiative integrates a total of 45,939 pensioners from Delhi and Mumbai, both current and past retirees, into a modernized digital framework.
  • The SAMPANN initiative promises precise, rule-based calculations, efficient handling of cases, prompt disbursements linked with the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), and improved mechanisms for grievance redressal through multi-modal integration.
  • Features include direct pension disbursement, online issuance of PPOs, integration of Digital Life Certificates, streamlined grievance management, and a notable reduction in paperwork.

Similar / Past Coverage

Atal Pension Yojana (APY) enrolments cross 8.34 crore (Start of December)
  • Atal Pension Yojana (APY) has crossed 8.34 crore enrolments.
  • Women constitute 48% of the total subscribers.
  • Launched in May 2015, APY aims to build a universal social security system for citizens, particularly workers in the unorganised sector.
  • The scheme is open to individuals aged 18 to 40 years who have a savings bank or post-office account.
  • Subscribers receive pension benefits after turning 60, and benefits are expected to begin disbursal from 2035 onward.
PAHAL (DBTL) Scheme strengthened with Biometric Verification (Start of December)
  • Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas oversees the Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL)-PAHAL Scheme operational since January 2015.
  • Common LPG Database Platform (CLDP) introduced to identify and block duplicate, inactive, and fraudulent LPG connections using Aadhaar number, bank details, Household ID, Ration card, name and address matching.
  • Aadhaar-Based Biometric Verification mandated for PMUY and PAHAL beneficiaries, with 69% of existing PMUY users completed as of 1 November 2025.
  • Terminated 8.63 lakh ineligible PMUY connections and 20,000 inactive beneficiaries since January 2025.
  • Strengthened Grievance Redress System includes toll-free helpline 1800-2333-555, LPG distributor offices, OMCs' apps and websites, CPGRAMS portal, WhatsApp support, social media channels, and LPG emergency line 1906.
DFS Launches Startup Common Application Journey on Jan Sammarth Portal for Credit Access (Mid of November)
  • The Department of Financial Services (DFS) under the Ministry of Finance launched the Startup Common Application Journey on the Jan Sammarth Portal.
  • The initiative aims to "simplify and streamline access to credit for startups across India."
  • The Startup Common Application Journey was "developed jointly by the IBA and PSB Alliance."
  • The Jan Sammarth Portal will now serve as "a single digital platform where startups can apply for loans, compare offers from various Public Sector Banks, and track their applications through one unified digital system."
  • The initiative allows startups to secure "loans of up to Rs 20 crore under the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS)."
  • The Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS) is "operated by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC) under the aegis of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)."
  • The platform "integrates key data sources such as PAN, GST, Udyam registration, Income Tax Returns, and credit bureau information to ensure quick verification and processing."
  • The scheme "includes special interest concessions for women entrepreneurs."

Haryana Clean Air Project for Sustainable Development (HCAPSD) receives USD 305 million World Bank assistance

[World Bank]

  • The World Bank has green-lighted a financial assistance package worth USD 305 million for the Haryana Clean Air Project for Sustainable Development (HCAPSD).
  • The project has a total budget of Rs 3,646 crore, with Haryana contributing Rs 1,065 crore and an additional Rs 83 crore as a grant.
  • Key interventions include deploying 500 electric buses and setting up 200 EV charging stations in major cities, transitioning industry to cleaner energy, and enhancing soil management processes.

Similar / Past Coverage

Integrated Ecotourism and Sustainable Agri-Based Livelihood Development in Meghalaya Project: $77 Million Loan to Boost Ecotourism and Resilient Livelihoods (Start of December)
  • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved the Integrated Ecotourism and Sustainable Agri-Based Livelihood Development in Meghalaya Project.
  • The project involves a $77 million loan and an additional $1 million technical assistance grant from ADB.
  • It aims to generate economic opportunities for more than 8,000 local people, including women and Indigenous communities, in Meghalaya.
  • The approval for the project was made on 27 November 2025.
Tata Realty & Infrastructure (TRIL) and DBS Bank India sign ₹1,280 crore green loan facility (Start of December)
  • Tata Realty & Infrastructure (TRIL) and DBS Bank India signed a ₹1,280 crore green loan facility.
  • DBS Bank India acted as the sole advisor and green loan coordinator for the transaction.
  • A special purpose vehicle (SPV) developing Intellion Park, Gurugram, availed the facility.
  • The real estate sector accounts for nearly 40% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions.
  • India’s property market saw 89 million sq ft of office leasing in 2024.
  • India’s property market experienced a 35% surge in FDI inflows in Q1 2025.
  • Climate-first private credit is projected to deliver 15–20% risk-adjusted returns.
World Bank (WB) approves USD 776 million for Punjab education and Maharashtra farmer income boost. (End of November)
  • World Bank (WB) approved USD 286 million for Punjab Outcomes-Acceleration in School Education Operation (POISE) to improve quality education using technology.
  • POISE will support 13 lakh primary and 2.2 million secondary students plus 59 lakh early childhood education beneficiaries.
  • WB sanctioned USD 490 million for Maharashtra Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture (POCRA) Phase II to raise smallholder farmer incomes by 30%.
  • POCRA Phase II will benefit over 20 lakh small and marginal farmers including 2.9 lakh women across 21 Maharashtra districts.
  • POISE carries 19-year final maturity with 5-year grace; POCRA Phase II has 24-year final maturity with 6-year grace.
India ranks third globally in clean industrial project pipeline with $150 bn capital need (Start of November)
  • India’s clean industrial project pipeline is the third largest in the world after China and the US
  • Capital requirement to operationalise the pipeline exceeds $150 billion
  • Major share of pipeline consists of greenfield facilities in chemicals sector, hydrogen, port infrastructure and core industrial production assets
  • Investments aim to accelerate industrial growth under ‘Make in India’ initiative and position India as a global hub for clean industrial production
  • Surging production and consumption in heavy industries such as steel, cement, chemicals, aviation and shipping is powering economic growth and employment

Denmark Social Media Ban for Under-15s

[Denmark]

  • The Danish government announced last month that it had secured an agreement by three governing coalition and two opposition parties in parliament to ban access to social media for anyone under the age of 15.
  • The proposed measure would give some parents the right to let their children access social media from age 13, local media reported.
  • Danish authorities have said that despite the restrictions, around 98% of Danish children under age 13 have profiles on at least one social media platform.
  • A new 'digital evidence' app, announced by the Digital Affairs Ministry last month and expected to launch next spring, will display an age certificate to ensure users comply with social media age limits.

Similar / Past Coverage

Malaysia plans social media ban for users under 16 starting next year (End of November)
  • Malaysia plans to ban social media for users under the age of 16 starting next year.
  • Communications Minister Fahmi Fadzil stated the government is reviewing mechanisms used to impose age restrictions for social media use in Australia and other nations.
  • The government hopes social media platforms will comply with the decision to bar those under the age of 16 from opening user accounts by next year.
  • The ban aims to protect young people from online harms such as cyberbullying, financial scams, and child sexual abuse.
  • The effects of social media on children’s health and safety have become a growing global concern.
  • Companies including TikTok, Snapchat, Google, and Meta Platforms are facing lawsuits in the United States over their role in fueling a mental health crisis.
  • In Australia, social media platforms are poised to deactivate accounts registered to users under 16 next month.
  • France, Spain, Italy, Denmark, and Greece are jointly testing a template for an age verification app.
  • Indonesia initially planned to set a minimum age for social media users but later required tech platforms to filter negative content and impose stronger age verification measures.
  • Malaysia has put social media companies under greater scrutiny due to a claimed rise in harmful content, including online gambling and posts related to race, religion, and royalty.
  • Platforms and messaging services with more than 8 million users in Malaysia are now required to obtain a license under a new regulation that came into effect in January.
Australia's Under-16 Social Media Ban: Key Provisions and Objectives (End of November)
  • The new Australian law, which takes effect on 10 December, will block under-16s from using major social media platforms.
  • The ban also applies to TikTok, YouTube, X, Reddit and several other platforms.
  • Prime Minister Anthony Albanese described the measure as a “world-leading” ban intended to “let kids be kids”.
  • Australia’s e-Safety Commissioner Julie Inman Grant said it was designed to protect teenagers “from pressures and risks they can be exposed to while logged in to social media accounts”.
  • Under the new law, social media platforms that fail to take “reasonable steps” to prevent under-16s from accessing their services could face fines of up to A$50 million.
  • Teenagers who believe they meet the age requirement can challenge the decision by submitting a “video selfie” for facial age estimation or by providing a government-issued ID such as a driver’s licence.
Coupang Data Breach Exposes Data of 33.7 Million South Korean Customer Accounts (Start of December)
  • Coupang became aware of the unauthorised access of personal data of about 4,500 customer accounts.
  • Some 33.7 million customer accounts - all in South Korea - were likely exposed.
  • The breach is believed to have begun as early as June through a server based overseas.
  • The exposed data is limited to name, email address, phone number, shipping address and some order histories.
  • No credit card information or login credentials were leaked.
  • Coupang had nearly 25 million active users.
Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025: Proposes Stringent Punishment for Hate Speech (Mid of December)
  • The Karnataka government tabled the Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025, in the legislative assembly.
  • The bill proposes stringent punishment for those indulging in hate speeches, considering it an act of promoting enmity between communities or inciting violence on grounds of religion, caste, language, gender, or region.
  • It aims to curb and prevent the dissemination, publication, or promotion of hate speech and crimes, prescribe punishment for such crimes, and provide compensation to victims.
  • First-time conviction for hate speech could lead to a prison term of between one and seven years with a fine of up to Rs 50,000, and such offences are sought to be made non-bailable.
  • A second conviction for a similar offence could result in a jail term of two to ten years with a fine of Rs 1 lakh.
  • The bill empowers designated officers to direct any service provider, intermediary, person, or entity to block or remove hate crime materials from its domain, including electronic media.

Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and Bharat-WIN Portal launched to drive water innovation

  • Union Minister of Jal Shakti Shri C. R. Patil inaugurated the Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and the Bharat-WIN Portal.
  • The initiative aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ‘Water Vision @ 2047’ for a technologically empowered, sustainable, and water-secure India.
  • Bharat-WIN Portal hosted at https://bharatwin.mowr.gov.in democratizes water-sector innovation for startups, MSMEs, industry, research institutions, young innovators, rural youth, women-led enterprises, academia, and global collaborators.
  • Hackathon priority domains include water resource management, wastewater treatment and reuse, water-use efficiency & circular economy, smart water monitoring, climate resilience and hydrological modelling, flood & drought forecasting, precision agriculture & farm-level water conservation, revival of traditional water systems, and river-basin and watershed management.
  • Winning participants receive ₹1 lakh grant for developing a Proof-of-Concept (PoC), mentorship through national research institutions, and opportunities for piloting and real-world implementation.
  • National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee, designated as Project Implementation Agency to scrutinize proposals, facilitate expert review, recommend innovations for approval, and support capacity-building and scaling of solutions.
  • Grants-in-aid for selected innovations provided under the ‘Research and Development Programme in Water Sector’ and the National Water Mission.

Similar / Past Coverage

Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and Bharat-WIN Portal launched to support water innovation with grants-in-aid (Mid of December)
  • The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) launched the Jal Shakti Hackathon–2025 and the Bharat-WIN Portal under the National Water Mission.
  • Winning participants will receive a ₹1 lakh grant for developing a Proof-of-Concept (PoC).
  • The portal is open to startups, MSMEs, research institutions, young innovators, rural youth, women-led enterprises, academia, and global collaborators.
  • The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee, is the designated Project Implementation Agency (PIA).
Mission Shakti 5.0 from first Navratri; women safety steps to intensify: Yogi (End of September)
  • The fifth phase of Mission Shakti will commence on Sept 22 to coincide with the start of Shardiya Navratri and continue for 30 days.
  • Foot patrolling by police will be made more stringent while all PRV-112 vehicles will remain active on roads.
  • Senior police officers have been directed to personally engage with the public, inspect Police Lines and participate in patrols.
  • Women personnel should play a more active role, with female beat police officers sent to all 57,000 village panchayats and 14,000 urban wards.
  • Women police personnel will be specially deployed at temples, religious sites, fairs and other public places during Navratri and other upcoming festivals.
  • Anti-Romeo squads are allowed to take 'exemplary action' against miscreants, but only against 'actual offenders'.
  • Dialogues and conferences related to women's safety should be held in each district and short films should be shown in schools and colleges.
NaMo App launches Seva Parv 2025 to mark PM Modi’s birthday, highlights spirit of service (Mid of September)
  • The NaMo App volunteers launched a 15-day digital volunteering initiative under Seva Parv 2025 to mark Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s birthday.
  • The engagement runs till October 2, honouring PM Modi's lifelong commitment to the spirit of 'seva'.
  • Seva Parv 2025 offers nine interactive activities on the NaMo App related to service, learning, and sharing wishes.
  • 'Sabka Saath, Sabki Seva' lets users choose from 15 predefined seva activities, upload selfies, and earn recognition on the Seva Leaderboard along with a personalised certificate.
  • The Virtual Exhibition 'Prime Minister Modi Seva hi sankalp, rashtrapratham hi prerna' presents interactive panels, videos, and a 'Modi Milestones Photobooth' for selfies against backdrops from PM Modi’s life.
  • The AI Shubhkamna Reel uses AI to generate personalised birthday videos for PM Modi based on user details such as name, profession, and availed government schemes.
  • 'Discover Your Modi Trait' provides users a personalised trait card after a short quiz indicating which of PM Modi’s qualities they share.
  • 'Know Your NaMo Quiz' comprises 10 questions on PM Modi’s life and leadership, allows multiple attempts, and offers downloadable certificates for perfect scores.
  • 'Main Bhi Modi' collects user selfies performing seva to form a dynamic collage portrait of PM Modi symbolising unity through service.
  • The NaMo Book Collection section enables ordering books on PM Modi’s life authored by subject experts, either for oneself or as gifts.
  • NaMo Merchandise offers T-shirts, mugs, and caps featuring new PM Modi slogans, orderable directly through the app.
  • 'World Wishes PM Modi' displays real-time birthday greetings from global leaders and dignitaries, collated within the app.
PMVBRY Scheme: Union Minister Urges States to Align Employment Programmes for Synergy (Mid of November)
  • Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY) launched in August this year with an outlay of nearly Rs 1 lakh crore to create 3.5 crore formal jobs.
  • Labour and Employment Minister Mansukh Mandaviya urged states to align their employment programmes with PMVBRY for maximum synergy and impact.
  • Labour Chowk Facilitation Centres (LCFCs) model being developed to convert unsafe roadside gathering points into structured hubs offering shelter, drinking water, sanitation, and direct access to welfare services.
  • Digital Labour Chowk mobile application launched as a multilingual platform to connect workers with employers digitally for transparent job matching.
  • Online Building and Construction Worker (BOCW) cess collection portal introduced for automatic cess calculation, online payment, and real-time monitoring.

Indian Navy to Commission DSC A20, First Indigenous Diving Support Craft in Kochi

[Indian Navy, Kochi]

  • The Indian Navy will commission DSC A20, the first vessel in a new class of indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Craft (DSC), on 16 December 2025 at Kochi under the Southern Naval Command.
  • DSC A20 is the lead vessel in a series of five Diving Support Craft being constructed by Titagarh Rail Systems Limited (TRSL), Kolkata.
  • These vessels have been purpose-built for a broad range of underwater missions in coastal waters, including diving operations, underwater inspection and repair, salvage and recovery support, training of naval diving teams, and search-and-rescue tasks in littoral zones.
  • DSC A20 features a catamaran hull form, offering superior stability, larger deck area for equipment and personnel, enhanced seakeeping in rough coastal conditions, and improved operational efficiency during diving deployments.
  • The commissioning of DSC A20 is a major achievement under the Government’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives.

Similar / Past Coverage

Indian Navy Launches Third Diving Support Craft DSC A 22 Under Make in India (Mid of September)
  • The Indian Navy launched ‘DSC A 22’, the third vessel in a series of five Diving Support Craft (DSC).
  • The vessels are being built under contract with M/s Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd (TRSL), Kolkata, with the contract formalized on 12 February 2021 between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and TRSL.
  • Each ship has a displacement of approximately 380 tons, features a catamaran hull, and is specifically designed to conduct professional diving operations in coastal waters, including underwater inspections, search-and-rescue operations, salvage tasks, and underwater repairs.
  • All five vessels are indigenously designed and constructed, adhering to the stringent Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS), aligning with the Government of India’s ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives.
  • The hydrodynamic analysis and model testing for the ships were carried out by the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam.
Navy commissions ‘silent hunter’ INS Mahe; Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi says armed forces’ strength lies in synergy (End of November)
  • The Indian Navy commissioned INS Mahe, its first indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC).
  • INS Mahe was commissioned at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai with over 80 per cent indigenous parts after two years of rigorous sea trials.
  • Chief of the Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi was the chief guest, marking the first time an Army Chief attended a naval commissioning ceremony.
  • General Dwivedi stated that the induction of INS Mahe reflects the nation’s growing ability to design, construct, and deploy complex warships using indigenous technology.
  • General Dwivedi emphasized that the strength of armed forces lies in synergy, quoting Helen Keller: "Alone we can do so little. Together we can do so much."
  • He highlighted that the sea, land, and the skies form a single continuum of national security, and together, the Army-Navy and Air Force form the trinity of India’s strategic strength.
  • INS Mahe is the first of the Mahe-class ASW-SWCs, described as sleek, swift, and resolutely Indian.
  • INS Mahe will operate as a “silent hunter” on the western seaboard, dedicated to safeguarding India’s maritime frontiers.
  • The ship’s construction began at the Cochin Shipyard, with the steel-cutting ceremony held in December 2020, keel laying on August 30, 2022, launch in November 2023, first sea sortie in May this year, and handover to the Navy on October 23.
  • The ship is named after Mahe, a serene coastal enclave on the Malabar coast that forms part of the Union Territory of Puducherry.
  • An earlier Soviet-built coastal minesweeper, also named INS Mahe, entered service in 1983 and was decommissioned in 2006 after 23 years of service.
INS Nistar Makes Maiden Port Call at Singapore to Join Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (Mid of September)
  • The Indian Navy’s latest indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Vessel (DSV), INS Nistar, arrived at Changi, Singapore, on 14 September 2025, marking its first overseas port call since commissioning.
  • The vessel will participate in the prestigious multinational Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR 25), beginning on 15 September 2025, under the operational command of the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet.
  • Commissioned on 18 July 2025, INS Nistar represents a milestone in India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, achieving over 80% indigenisation.
  • INS Nistar is designed to serve as a mothership (MoSHIP) for the Indian Navy’s Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs), which are critical for submarine rescue operations.
  • Hosted by Singapore, Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 will bring together over 40 nations, either as active participants or observers.
  • The exercise will be conducted in two distinct phases: Harbour Phase (Week-long) and Sea Phase (South China Sea).
Vice Admiral Sanjay Sadhu assumed charge as Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A) (Start of December)
  • Vice Admiral Sanjay Sadhu, AVSM, NM assumed charge as Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (CWP&A).
  • He succeeds Vice Admiral Rajaram Swaminathan, AVSM, NM, who is retiring on 30 November 2025 after 38 years of distinguished service.
  • He has been awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal and the Nao Sena Medal.
  • He has the rare distinction of heading two major dockyards on both the Western and Eastern Coasts.
  • During the tenure of Vice Admiral Rajaram Swaminathan, eight ships were inducted into the Indian Navy.
  • Prior to assuming charge of the CWP&A, he served as the Program Director of the Advanced Technology Vessel Program in New Delhi.

European Allies Shift to Radical Use of Frozen Russian Central Bank Assets After United States Halts Funding for Ukraine

[United States]

  • Western nations agonized for years over how they might use Russian central bank assets deposited abroad to support Ukraine’s military and rebuild its shattered economy.
  • Many European officials were skeptical, concerned that doing so could amount to illegal expropriation.
  • Now that President Donald Trump has cut US funding for the government in Kyiv, Ukraine’s European allies have put aside those reservations and become more radical in their approach.

Similar / Past Coverage

Lithuania declares nationwide emergency situation over Belarus balloon incursions (Start of December)
  • Lithuanian government declared a 'nationwide emergency situation' in response to incursions from Belarus by weather balloons carrying smuggled cigarettes.
  • Prime Minister Inga Ruginiene condemned the balloon incursions as a 'hybrid attack' by Belarus that posed a real risk to national security and civil aviation.
  • About 600 balloons linked to smuggling and almost 200 drones have entered Lithuanian airspace this year alone, leading to repeated closure of Vilnius airport.
  • Lithuania's president Gitanas Nauseda said there is a lot of evidence that the balloon threat is a 'deliberate action aimed at destabilising the situation in Lithuania'.
  • Lithuania closed two border checkpoints with Belarus for three weeks from the end of October in response to the latest threat.
  • Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko denies being behind the incursions, alleging the issue has been 'politicised' by Lithuania.
  • Lithuania's interior ministry says the balloons have led to Vilnius airport being closed for more than 60 hours since October, affecting 30,000 passengers in October alone.
  • Finnish airline Finnair has cancelled all evening flights to Vilnius until the end of February because of the balloons.
Sudan Approves Agreement Enabling Russia to Build First Naval Base in Africa (Start of December)
  • Sudan has approved a landmark agreement allowing Russia to set up its first naval base in Africa.
  • The new facility will be a logistics support centre located near Port Sudan along the Red Sea.
  • Around 12 percent of global trade passes through the Red Sea and Suez Canal.
  • Under the pact, Russia can deploy up to 300 personnel and host four naval vessels, including nuclear-powered ships.
  • The agreement spans 25 years with automatic 10-year extensions.
  • The pact was first outlined in 2017 and signed in 2020.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) freezes all USCIS cases involving nationals of 19 travel-ban countries (Start of December)
  • The Trump administration directed U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to stop final adjudication on all cases involving individuals from 19 countries listed in President Trump’s June proclamation.
  • USCIS suspended citizenship ceremonies for legal permanent residents from the affected countries who were ready to be naturalized.
  • The suspension covers every form type and halts approvals, denials, and oath ceremonies.
  • The policy memo dated Dec. 2 formalized the pause on all immigration applications filed by nationals of the 19 countries and mandated a thorough re-review process.
  • Any lifting of the hold requires approval from the USCIS Director or Deputy Director.
Council and Parliament (EU) agree on rules to prohibit Russian gas imports (Start of December)
  • Imports of Russian pipeline gas and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) will be prohibited from six weeks after the regulation's entry into force, with a transition period for existing contracts.
  • Russian gas accounts for an estimated 13% of European Union (EU) imports in 2025, valued at over €15 billion annually.
  • European Union (EU) oil imports from Russia dropped to below 3% in 2025 due to the current sanctions regime.
  • The Commission intends to propose legislation for phasing out Russian oil imports to the European Union (EU) no later than end of 2027.
  • The prior authorisation procedure does not apply to imports from countries that exported over 5 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas to the European Union (EU) in 2024.
  • The regulation introduces effective, proportionate, and dissuasive penalties for non-compliance, including a maximum threshold for both companies and private individuals.
  • The Commission will review the regulation's implementation within two years of its entry into force.
  • Member states must notify the Commission within one month of the regulation's entry into force regarding Russian gas supply contracts or national legal bans.

Venezuela’s National Guard Linked to Killings, Torture and Repression, UN Probe Finds on 11 December 2025

[Venezuela, United Nations (UN)]

  • Venezuela’s Bolivarian National Guard (GNB) has been implicated in a decade-long pattern of killings, arbitrary detentions, torture and sexual violence targeting protesters and opponents of President Nicolás Maduro.
  • The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission says the GNB has played a central role in systematic repression since 2014.
  • The GNB used excessive force, including the improper use of lethal weapons, during peak periods of protest in 2014, 2017, 2019, and 2024.
  • Investigators documented mass and targeted arbitrary detentions, physical violence during arrests, planting of evidence, torture, and sexual and gender-based violence inside GNB facilities.
  • The report found the GNB was a central actor in the commission of persecution on political grounds, which is a crime against humanity.
  • The military force also played a key role in the 2024 post-election “Operation Tun Tun” raids.
  • The report identifies a pattern of structural impunity sustained by systemic failures within the Venezuelan judicial system.
  • The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was established by the UN Human Rights Council in September 2019.
  • The Mission has also focused on investigating the human rights situation surrounding the disputed 2024 presidential elections and on violence by pro-government militias known as “colectivos”.

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Georgia uses World War One-era camite chemical weapon on Tbilisi protesters (Start of December)
  • Camite was deployed by France against Germany during World War One.
  • Camite is bromobenzyl cyanide, listed as 'Chemical powder UN3439' mixed with 'Chemical liquid UN1710' trichloroethylene in Georgia's Special Tasks Department inventory.
  • Special Tasks Department is the official name of Georgia's riot police.
  • Camite believed taken out of circulation in the 1930s due to long-lasting effects and replaced by CS gas.
  • Under international law, police forces allowed to use chemicals for crowd control if proportionate with short-term effects.
  • UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Alice Edwards stated effects must be temporary and called for investigation under torture or ill-treatment.
US to hold five-day military drills in Trinidad and Tobago amid tensions with Venezuela (Mid of November)
  • The United States will hold five-day military drills in Trinidad and Tobago.
  • The drills will involve the US Marine Corps’ 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit.
  • The exercises are being held amid tensions with Venezuela and criticism from Nicolás Maduro.
  • The US Marine Corps’ 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit is stationed in the Caribbean as part of what Washington describes as a mission to “disrupt illicit drug trafficking.”
  • Trinidad and Tobago’s government said the exercises will help both forces better understand each other’s tactics and operations, while also allowing American troops to train local security personnel to respond to domestic threats such as drug crimes and gang activity.
  • Washington sent a warship, the USS Gravely, to the country’s capital last month.
  • The aircraft carrier USS Gerald R. Ford is moving closer to Venezuelan waters.
US to designate Venezuela's Cartel de los Soles as terrorists (Mid of November)
  • The US State Department announced that Venezuela's Cartel de los Soles will be designated a terrorist organisation.
  • The US intends to consider the group a Foreign Terrorist Organisation (FTO) from 24 November.
  • The US alleges that Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro leads the Cartel de los Soles.
  • This designation is described as the Trump administration's latest effort to reduce drug trafficking and put pressure on Maduro.
  • The US has sent the largest military deployment to the Caribbean in decades.
  • The US has carried out at least 21 strikes on alleged drug-trafficking vessels.
  • The US government increased a reward for information leading to Maduro's arrest to $50m (£37.2m).
International Day of Commemoration & Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide & the Prevention of this Crime observed on 9 December (Start of December)
  • The International Day of Commemoration & Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide & the Prevention of this Crime is observed on 9 December.
  • The Secretary-General, António Guterres, stated that 'Genocide is an abomination. It is a horrendous crime. And it is the solemn duty of all States to prevent and punish it.'
  • The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted as a pledge against eradication due to nationality, ethnicity, race or religion.
  • Human Rights Day is observed on 10 December.
  • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is described as the bedrock of the global community, defining what every person needs to survive and thrive.
  • International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development is observed on 5 December.
  • Jan Marian presented his credentials as the new Permanent Representative of Czechia to the United Nations (Vienna).
  • John Brandolino is the Acting Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV).

Vigyanika: Science Literature Festival 2025 spotlights multilingual science communication for Atmanirbhar Bharat

  • CSIR–National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR–NIScPR), Vijnana Bharti (VIBHA), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) and Panjab University organised Vigyanika as part of India International Science Festival (IISF) 2025.
  • Session ‘Vigyan Se Samruddhi – For Atmanirbhar Bharat’ focused on ‘traditional knowledge communication and its role in advancing national self-reliance’.
  • Dr. Viswajanani J. Sattigeri, Head, CSIR-TKDL, emphasized ‘the importance of documenting, disseminating and implementing policy for traditional knowledge’.

Similar / Past Coverage

Science City Kolkata’s climate-change gallery "On The Edge?" wins CIMUSET Award (Mid of November)
  • Award-winning entity: National Council of Science Museums (NCSM) for its permanent gallery "On The Edge?" at Science City, Kolkata
  • Award bestowed by: CIMUSET (International Committee for Museums and Collections of Science and Technology) during the 27th ICOM General Conference in Dubai
  • Gallery specifications: 10,000-square-foot permanent gallery addressing human-induced climate-change causes, impacts, mitigation and adaptation
  • Key technologies used: immersive exhibits, augmented reality, virtual reality, and an interactive LED wall to convey climate impacts and solutions
  • Visitor outreach: over one million visitors since inauguration on January 11, 2025, with regular student-group outreach promoting climate literacy
Global Scientific Community Celebrates World Science Day 2025 Focusing on Peace, Development, and Future Science (Mid of November)
  • World Science Day for Peace and Development is celebrated each year on 10 November.
  • The idea for the Day was born at the 1999 World Conference on Science in Budapest, co-organized by UNESCO and the International Science Council’s predecessor, the International Council for Science (ICSU).
  • UNESCO officially proclaimed the Day in 2001.
  • This year’s theme for the celebrations was “Trust, Transformation, and Tomorrow: The Science We Need for 2050”.
  • Over 70 events led by ISC Members and partners celebrated World Science Day for Peace and Development 2025 across the world, from Argentina to Tanzania, and from Slovakia to India.
  • In Uganda, the Society for the Advancement of Science in Africa engaged students and early-career researchers through “Empowering Youth for Climate Action,” promoting dialogue on sustainability and local innovation.
  • The International Astronomical Union’s Office of Astronomy for Development led the online event “Science in Action: Grassroots Development with the Stars,” highlighting how astronomy contributes to education and community development.
International Day of Science, Technology and Innovation for the South observed on September 16th (Mid of September)
  • The International Day of Science, Technology, and Innovation for the South is observed on September 16th.
  • The United Nations General Assembly officially proclaimed September 16th as this day on 9 January 2024, adopting resolution A/RES/78/259.
  • The leaders of the G77 and China agreed to designate September 16 as this day during the Summit on Science, Technology, and Innovation, held in Havana on 15 and 16 September 2023.
  • The day underscores that advancing science, technology, and innovation is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • The summit’s Havana Declaration on Current Development Challenges: The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation highlights the essential role of STI in tackling development challenges.
Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (Posthumously) awarded Vigyan Ratna 2025 for lifetime contributions in Physics (End of October)
  • Prof. Jayant Vishnu Narlikar received the Vigyan Ratna 2025 in Physics.
  • The award was conferred posthumously.
  • Vigyan Ratna honours lifetime contributions to science and technology.

Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya (GSV) and Amazon sign MoU to launch Amazon Chair Professorship for logistics research

[Gati Shakti Vishwavidyalaya (GSV), Amazon]

  • The Chair will serve as a strategic anchor for collaborative research projects, case studies, real-time industry problem-solving, and innovation pilots relevant to India’s logistics infrastructure.
  • The MoU includes provisions for co-developing specialized courses, student training modules, internships, and faculty–industry immersion programmes.
  • GSV, established as a Central University through an Act of Parliament in 2022, functions under the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.

Similar / Past Coverage

Google Strikes Biggest Carbon Removal Deal with Mombak for Amazon Reforestation (Start of November)
  • Google has struck its biggest carbon removal deal, agreeing to finance restoration of the Amazon rainforest with Brazilian startup Mombak.
  • The deal aims to offset 200,000 metric tons of carbon emissions.
  • Mombak is Google's sole provider of forestry carbon credits.
  • Mombak's approach involves turning degraded pastureland back into jungle.
  • Google is part of the Symbiosis Coalition, which includes Meta, Salesforce, McKinsey, Microsoft, Bain & Company, and REI Co-op.
  • Mombak's project is the first to meet the Symbiosis Coalition's rigorous scientific standards, out of 185 projects reviewed.
  • Randy Spock is Google's head of carbon credits and removal.
Amazon announces $35 billion investment in India by 2030 (Mid of December)
  • Amazon pledges a $35 billion investment in India by 2030.
  • The investment builds on Amazon's existing $40 billion-plus capital in India since 2010.
  • The new funds will focus on AI-driven digitization, export growth, and job creation.
  • Amazon aims to support a total of 3.8 million jobs in India by 2030.
  • Amazon targets enabling $80 billion in cumulative e-commerce exports from India by 2030.
  • The company plans to deliver AI benefits to 15 million small businesses.
  • Amazon aims to tap into four million government school students with AI education and career exploration opportunities.
  • Microsoft committed a $17.5 billion investment plan for India.
  • In 2024, Amazon supported approximately 2.8 million jobs in India.
  • Amazon-enabled exports from India have surpassed $20 billion.
Jitendra Singh inaugurates Uttarakhand's first AI Centre of Excellence at Graphic Era University (Mid of September)
  • Centre of Excellence for Artificial Intelligence, Skill Development, and Innovation inaugurated by Union Minister Jitendra Singh at Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun
  • Facility houses Uttarakhand's first NVIDIA AI and High-Performance Computing unit with NVIDIA DGX B200 system, 8 GPUs and 1.74 TB GPU memory
  • Includes Apple iOS Development Centre established in collaboration with Apple and Infosys
  • Built at cost of over Rs 10 crore across 1.5 lakh sq. ft. to support research in healthcare, agriculture, environment, smart cities and advanced industries
  • Graphic Era University is India's first Generative AI Ready Campus powered by AWS and ranked 48th in NIRF 2025
LG, Amazon ink Wi-Fi patent licensing agreement (End of November)
  • LG Electronics said it signed a patent licensing deal with Amazon for the use of its Wi-Fi standard-essential patents.
  • The agreement gives Amazon permission to use LG's Wi-Fi technologies in several of its connected products, including Alexa speakers, Fire TV Stick devices and Fire tablets.
  • The report says the deal shows LG's continued influence in the field of Wi-Fi standards.
  • LG is also holding talks with other global companies that use Wi-Fi technologies.
  • The company plans to expand its patent strength in future areas such as 6G communication, artificial intelligence, quantum computing and vehicle-to-everything connectivity.
  • Cho Hwi-jae, executive vice president and head of LG Electronics' intellectual property center, said: "This agreement proves the global recognition of LG's Wi-Fi standard-essential patent capabilities."

Google Appoints Amin Vahdat as Chief of AI Infrastructure

[Google]

  • Alphabet's Google has appointed longtime executive Amin Vahdat as chief technologist for AI infrastructure.
  • Google designs its own tensor processing units, or TPUs.
  • The company ramps up spending on data centers and hardware to support artificial intelligence workloads.
  • Microsoft has invested heavily in data centers and partnerships with OpenAI.
  • Amazon is expanding its custom chip offerings for AWS.

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Google Plans AI Data Centre on Christmas Island Linked to Australian Defence (Start of November)
  • Google is reportedly planning a major AI data centre on Australia's Christmas Island.
  • The plan is linked to a cloud computing agreement signed with the Australian Department of Defence.
  • Military experts view the facility as a crucial strategic asset for monitoring Indian Ocean activity and enabling advanced AI-driven command and control, especially with uncrewed systems.
  • Google applied for Australian environmental approvals to build the first subsea cable connecting Christmas Island to the northern Australian city of Darwin.
  • The data centre is partly to allow AI-enabled command and control, particularly when relying on uncrewed systems for surveillance missions and targeting missions.
  • The cable link for Google will be installed by US company SubCom, which also previously connected the U.S./UK military base of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean.
Google opens largest AI infrastructure hardware engineering centre outside US in Taiwan (End of November)
  • Alphabet's Google opened its largest artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure hardware engineering centre outside of the United States.
  • The new AI infrastructure hardware engineering centre is located in Taiwan.
  • Taiwan President Lai Ching-te stated that Google was showing its commitment to long-term investment in Taiwan.
  • The technology developed and tested in Taipei is deployed in Google data centres around the world, which in turn power Google devices.
  • Aamer Mahmood, Google Cloud's vice president of platforms infrastructure engineering, said the centre is an investment in an ecosystem and a testament to Taiwan's place as an important centre for global AI innovation.
  • Taiwan is home to the world's largest contract chipmaker, TSMC, whose chips are widely used by companies like Nvidia that are driving the global AI boom.
Google launches Gemini 3 with new coding app and record benchmark scores (Mid of November)
  • Google released Gemini 3, its latest and most advanced foundation model, immediately available through the Gemini app and AI search interface.
  • Gemini 3 comes seven months after the Gemini 2.5 release and less than a week after OpenAI released GPT 5.1 and two months after Anthropic released Sonnet 4.5.
  • A research-intensive version, Gemini 3 Deepthink, will be released to Google AI Ultra subscribers after further safety testing.
  • Tulsee Doshi stated, 'With Gemini 3, we’re seeing this massive jump in reasoning.'
  • Gemini 3 scored 37.4 on the Humanity’s Last Exam benchmark, the highest score on record, surpassing GPT-5 Pro’s previous high of 31.64.
  • Gemini 3 topped the LMArena leaderboard, a human-led benchmark measuring user satisfaction.
  • The Gemini app has more than 650 million monthly active users, and 13 million software developers have used the model in their workflow.
  • Google also released Google Antigravity, a Gemini-powered coding interface that combines a prompt window, command-line interface, and browser window for agentic coding.
  • DeepMind CTO Koray Kavukcuoglu said, 'The agent can work with your editor, across your terminal, across your browser to make sure that it helps you build that application in the best way possible.'
Google’s Project Suncatcher to launch solar-powered AI data-centre satellites (Start of November)
  • Project Suncatcher: Google initiative to place AI data centres on solar-powered satellites in low-Earth orbit
  • Hardware: each satellite will carry Google Trillium-generation Tensor Processing Units (TPUs)
  • Partner & launch: two prototype satellites to be launched in partnership with Planet Labs by early 2027
  • Power advantage: solar panels in the selected orbit can produce up to eight times more power than ground-based panels
  • Data link: satellites will use high-speed free-space optical communication supporting data transfer at tens of terabits per second

International Mountain Day 2025 Highlights Glaciers' Crucial Role in Global Ecosystems

[International Mountain Day]

  • International Mountain Day 2025 spotlights the crucial role of glaciers in sustaining water, food, and livelihoods, urging global action to protect fragile mountain ecosystems.
  • The theme for International Mountain Day 2025 is “Glaciers matter for water, food and livelihoods in mountains and beyond.”
  • Mountains are home to diverse ecosystems and communities, providing essential resources like water, food, and livelihoods.
  • The United Nations (UN) announced that International Mountain Day will focus on glaciers, which are massive ice reserves vital for freshwater and ecosystems.
  • According to the UN, glaciers store around 70% of the world’s freshwater.
  • Glaciers support rivers, agriculture, and clean energy.
  • Accelerated global warming conditions pose a threat towards glaciers, causing them to melt at a fast pace and increasing the risk of floods and landslides.
  • The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) coordinates the annual celebration of International Mountain Day to foster greater awareness of mountain issues.
  • Globally, over two billion people rely on melt from glaciers and snow for their freshwater, including for their food security and livelihood.
  • Protecting mountains and glaciers from the impacts of climate change involves supporting measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, regulating use of mountain resources for commercial purposes, and investing in integrated water management systems.

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International Red Panda Day Highlights Conservation Efforts for Endangered Species (End of September)
  • International Red Panda Day is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of September.
  • The tradition began in 2010, initiated by the Red Panda Network, to ensure the world remembers these rare and remarkable animals.
  • Red pandas live in the Himalayan forests and the misty mountains of China, spending most of their lives among trees.
  • Fewer than 10,000 red pandas are left in the wild today, indicating a dramatic decline in their numbers.
  • The primary threats to red pandas include deforestation, shrinking habitats, and poaching.
  • Conservation groups are working with local communities to protect red pandas through programs like eco-tourism and education campaigns.
  • The Red Panda Network states that saving red pandas also contributes to saving entire forests and countless other species.
International Day for Biosphere Reserves observed on November 3 (Start of November)
  • The International Day for Biosphere Reserves is celebrated annually on November 3.
  • It was established by the UNESCO General Conference at the request of Spain and Uruguay at its 41st session in September 2021.
  • The day highlights the role of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in sustainable territorial development and conservation efforts.

Chandrayaan-3 detects surprisingly active plasma over Moon’s south pole

  • Chandrayaan-3 detects surprisingly active plasma over the Moon’s south pole.
  • The Radio Anatomy of the Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere–Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) instrument offers the first ground truth of the Moon’s near-surface plasma at southern high latitudes.
  • The lander Vikram’s data showed that electrons close to the ground carry surprisingly high energies.
  • Their kinetic temperatures were measured at roughly 3,000 to 8,000 Kelvin, indicating a plasma layer far more energised than previously understood.
  • Just above the surface, the “plasma” (a mix of charged particles) is far denser and more energetic than earlier remote observations.
  • Plasma is often described as the fourth state of matter, a blend of charged particles such as ions and free electrons.
  • On the Moon, this thin plasma layer, sometimes called the lunar ionosphere, is shaped by a complex mix of processes.
  • A constant flux of solar wind streams of electrons and ions rushed out from the Sun and strikes the Moon’s airless surface.
  • Through the photoelectric effect, high-energy sunlight also removes electrons from surface atoms, increasing the ionised environment.
  • The Moon receives a new supply of charged particles from our planet’s extended magnetic field as it drifts into Earth’s magnetotail for a few days.
  • At the mission’s landing site Shiv Shakti Point (69.3° S, 32.3° E), the RAMBHA-LP instrument detected electron densities ranging between 380 and 600 particles per cubic centimetre.
  • These values are markedly higher than earlier estimates, which relied on remote-sensing techniques such as radio occultation.
  • Researchers found that this plasma does not remain steady but changes depending on the Moon’s position during its orbit around Earth.
  • During lunar daylight, when the Moon is fully exposed to the Sun, and outside Earth’s magnetic influence, the interaction between solar wind particles and the Moon’s sparse exosphere drives much of the variation.
  • When the Moon enters the geomagnetic tail on the far side of Earth, the plasma takes on a different character, shaped by streams of charged particles flowing through that elongated magnetic region.
  • Insights from the mission also suggest that molecules such as carbon dioxide and water vapour may contribute to the behaviour of the lunar ionosphere.
  • According to the Lunar Ionospheric Model developed in-house, molecular ions alongside the expected elemental ones play a meaningful role in forming the charged layer hovering near the surface.
  • These measurements provide essential “ground truth” for future lunar exploration, especially for missions targeting the Moon’s southern high latitudes.
  • RAMBHA-LP’s development was spearheaded by the Space Physics Laboratory at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram.

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China's Chang'e-6 Space Mission Discovers Tiny Iron Oxide Crystals On Moon (Mid of November)
  • Chinese researchers have made a major scientific breakthrough by identifying tiny crystals of Iron oxide, commonly known as hematite and maghemite, in lunar soil for the first time.
  • The finding comes from samples brought back by China's Chang'e-6 mission.
  • China's space agency, Shandong University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have reported the discovery of micrometre-sized Iron oxide crystals in lunar soil, present in the form of hematite and maghemite.
  • These tiny particles were found in samples from the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin, one of the Moon's oldest and largest impact zones.
  • According to the research published in Science Advances, this discovery is direct evidence that Iron oxide is present on the lunar surface.
  • It disproves the notion that the Moon's atmosphere is so reducing that such oxidizing minerals cannot form there.
  • According to the study, hematite may have been formed by massive impacts on the Moon.
ISRO targets 2028 for Chandrayaan-4 lunar sample-return mission and triples spacecraft output (Mid of November)
  • ISRO Chairman V Narayanan: "the government has approved the Chandrayaan-4 mission, designed as a lunar sample-return mission"
  • Chandrayaan-4 objective: "will attempt to bring back samples from the moon — a capability currently demonstrated only by the US, Russia and China"
  • LUPEX mission: "joint lunar polar exploration programme with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)" aiming to "study water ice at the lunar south pole"
  • Space station plan: "first of the five modules will be placed in orbit by 2028" with full Indian Space Station targeted for completion "by 2035"
  • Human spaceflight timeline: "crewed mission was always planned for 2027" with "three uncrewed test missions" to precede it
NASA’s twin ESCAPADE probes to map Martian magnetic fields and space weather via new Lagrange-point trajectory (Start of November)
  • Mission: Escape and Plasma Acceleration Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE) – two identical spacecraft named Blue and Gold managed by University of California, Berkeley
  • Launch site: Cape Canaveral, Florida, no earlier than 9 November (year not stated)
  • Novel trajectory: spacecraft will first reach a Sun-Earth Lagrange point, enter a 12-month kidney-bean-shaped Earth orbit, then slingshot around Earth in early November 2026 and reach Mars in early 2027
  • Objectives: three-dimensional mapping of Mars’s upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and localized crustal magnetic fields; measuring space weather to forecast solar-storm radiation that could endanger future astronauts
  • Context: Mars lacks a global magnetic field and lost most of its atmosphere ~4 billion years ago; localized crustal fields can deflect solar wind up to 932 miles from the surface, causing radio-signal distortions
UltraViolet Imaging Telescope on AstroSat completes decade of science operations (Start of December)
  • The UltraViolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on board AstroSat, India’s first dedicated space observatory, has completed ten years of operations.
  • UVIT is India’s only ultraviolet space instrument and one of the few worldwide capable of far-UV observations apart from the Hubble Space Telescope.
  • In ten years the telescope has observed 1,451 targets and contributed to about 300 research papers and 19 doctoral theses.
  • Findings include hot compact companions to Be stars, blue stragglers in clusters, extended UV discs in dwarf galaxies, novae in Andromeda, UV emission from distant galaxies at redshift 1.42 and links between UV and X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei.
  • The telescope is built as a twin system: one unit studies the near-UV (200–300 nanometres) and visible bands, while the other captures the far-UV (130–180 nanometres).
  • The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) built and delivered the telescope from its Hosakote campus, designed to capture ultraviolet light that cannot be studied from the ground.
  • Development involved a national consortium including the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) in Pune, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Mumbai and multiple ISRO centres.
  • Improved image products are being uploaded to ISRO’s PRADAN archive and discussions point to a proposed successor mission, the Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope.

Bose Institute team engineers GlowCas9, a glowing CRISPR-Cas9 that lights up during live-cell gene editing

  • GlowCas9 is a bioluminescent version of Cas9 created by fusing Cas9 with a split nano-luciferase enzyme derived from deep-sea shrimp proteins.
  • The glowing signal is produced when the split luciferase pieces reassemble upon correct Cas9 folding, allowing real-time tracking without harming cells.
  • GlowCas9 is very stable and maintains its structure and activity at higher temperatures compared to the conventional enzyme.
  • GlowCas9 increases the precision of homology-directed repair (HDR), a DNA repair process crucial for fixing hereditary mutations linked to diseases like sickle cell anaemia and muscular dystrophy.
  • As a demonstration, the researchers programmed GlowCas9 to insert the DNA sequence corresponding to “ACHARYA” into the genome, honouring Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose, founder of the Bose Institute.

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CSIR-IGIB and Serum Institute partner on India's first indigenous CRISPR therapy 'BIRSA 101' for Sickle Cell Disease (End of November)
  • Technology: Indigenous CRISPR-based gene therapy named 'BIRSA 101' engineered with enFnCas9 platform developed by CSIR–Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)
  • Target: Designed as a 'precise genetic surgery' to potentially cure Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) that disproportionately affects India's tribal populations in central and eastern regions
  • Affordability: Projected to cost 'only a fraction' of global gene therapies that typically run Rs 20–25 crore, ensuring wider accessibility
  • Public-private partnership: Formal technology transfer and collaboration agreement exchanged between CSIR-IGIB and Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd (SIIPL) to manufacture and scale the therapy
  • Policy link: Launch supports the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission aiming for a 'Sickle Cell–Free India by 2047' through universal screening, prevention and management across 278 affected tribal districts
University of Iowa team maps RAD52-DNA structure, opening new cancer-drug route (Start of November)
  • Discovery: Cryo-EM reveals RAD52 forms two 11-membered rings that encircle all three arms of a stalled DNA replication fork, a structure never seen before.
  • Institution/Researchers: Maria Spies, PhD, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, senior author of the study published in Nature.
  • Key Finding: The RAD52-DNA complex shields replication forks from motor-protein interference, helping cancer cells survive DNA-damage stress.
  • Therapeutic Relevance: RAD52 is a high-priority drug target for BRCA-deficient breast, ovarian and glioblastoma tumours via synthetic lethality.
  • Next Step: Existing small-molecule RAD52 inhibitors require refinement before clinical testing.
Cleveland Clinic First-In-Human Trial of CRISPR Gene-Editing Therapy Safely Lowers Cholesterol and Triglycerides (Start of November)
  • Results from a Cleveland Clinic Phase 1, first-in-human clinical trial showed that a one-time infusion of a gene-editing therapy using CRISPR-Cas9 safely reduced LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides in people with lipid disorders resistant to current medications.
  • This trial tested CTX310, an experimental CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing treatment that is delivered as a one-time infusion.
  • CTX310 carries the CRISPR editing mechanism into the liver, where it switches off a gene called ANGPTL3.
  • CTX310 reduced both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides by approximately 50% on average at the highest dose.
  • The treatment did not result in any serious adverse events related to the treatment during short-term follow-up.
  • The study was conducted between June 2024 and August 2025 at six sites in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
  • Future Phase 2 studies are planned to begin in 2026, focusing on broader patient populations and longer-term outcomes.
Bharat Biotech Forays into CRDMO Space with New Cell & Gene Therapies Arm Nucelion Therapeutics (Start of November)
  • Bharat Biotech is venturing into advanced therapies by launching Nucelion Therapeutics, a subsidiary focused on cell and gene therapies.
  • This new entity will offer comprehensive development and manufacturing services for innovative treatments targeting cancers, autoimmune disorders, and rare genetic diseases.
  • Nucelion is housed in a 30,000 sq ft purpose-built facility in Genome Valley.
  • Nucelion has already commissioned a GMP facility with a capacity to develop and manufacture plasmids, viral and non-viral vectors, cell therapies, and aseptic fill & finish.
  • The company will offer end-to-end services, from early-stage clinical development to commercial-scale manufacturing, while adhering to international regulatory standards, including those of the US FDA and Europe’s EMA.
  • Nucelion Therapeutics will offer services for the development and manufacturing of plasmid DNA, viral vectors, autologous, and allogeneic cell therapies.

Heat Stress and Rare Disease Wipe Out Goniopora Coral Colonies on Great Barrier Reef

  • Three-quarters of Goniopora corals at One Tree Reef have died after bleaching and black band disease.
  • The losses occurred during the fourth global mass bleaching event, affecting 84% of reefs worldwide.
  • Extreme heat weakened corals, enabling rapid, unprecedented spread of the disease.
  • Goniopora are usually thermally tolerant, making the event a major warning for global reef resilience.
  • Severe bleaching triggered by extreme ocean temperatures was followed by an unprecedented outbreak of black band disease (BBD).
  • Black band disease (BBD) is a rare but aggressive bacterial infection that kills coral tissue as it spreads across a colony.
  • Black band disease, common in the Caribbean but historically rare in the southern Great Barrier Reef, appeared in a few colonies in February 2024.
  • By April, 61 per cent of bleached colonies were infected, and the disease spread in an epizootic-like manner.
  • The disease occurred only on corals that had bleached.
  • During the bleaching event, water temperatures exceeded 28°C for 74 consecutive days.
  • Temperatures peaked at 34-35°C during the year.
  • One Tree Reef’s (OTR) offshore location means it is largely sheltered from coastal stressors like pollution and nutrient loading, which are often associated with BBD.
  • The current trajectory of climate change is progressing too quickly for corals to adjust.
  • Recurrent anomalous heatwaves and mass bleaching are the greatest threat to coral reef survival.
  • The loss of these large, structure-forming corals would have long-term repercussions on reef biodiversity, coastal protection and food security.

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Scientists unveil Lycodon irwini, new wolf snake species on Great Nicobar Island (Start of December)
  • Scientists have unveiled Lycodon irwini, a new species of wolf snake discovered in Great Nicobar Island's dense forests.
  • The species is named in honor of Steve Irwin.
  • Lycodon irwini has an exceptionally slender body, dark-sheened serpent reaching around 1.2 metres in length.
  • It features a slim, elongated body, narrowing tail, smooth upper body with bluish black sheen, and underside ranging from black to brownish black.
  • The species is extremely rare with only four confirmed records, primarily from moist evergreen forest.
  • Lycodon irwini is restricted entirely to Great Nicobar Island.
  • Researchers recommend classifying the species as Endangered under IUCN guidelines due to its limited range and threats from habitat disturbance.
Southern Ocean's stored heat may 'burp' back, delaying post-emissions cooling (End of October)
  • Discovery: Southern Ocean could release centuries of stored heat in a delayed 'burp' after global emissions reach net-zero, causing renewed warming for over a century.
  • Researchers: Study led by Dr Ivy Frenger of GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Germany.
  • Mechanism: During emissions rise, disrupted upwelling traps heat in deep layers; when surface cools post-emissions, this heat gradually returns to the atmosphere.
  • Model finding: Secondary warming phase could match industrial-era rates and persist for more than a century, mainly affecting the Southern Hemisphere.
  • Policy implication: Challenges assumption that falling CO₂ will immediately cool the planet, showing oceanic heat release can delay climate recovery.
National Coral Reef Research Institute (NCRRI) to be established in Andaman and Nicobar Islands (End of November)
  • The government will soon set up the National Coral Reef Research Institute (NCRRI) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
  • NCRRI will function as the nodal and monitoring agency for coral reef research across India.
  • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change will set up the first-of-its-kind centre at Chidiyatapu in South Andaman.
  • Coral reefs provide natural coastal protection against storms, working as a cushion against waves.
  • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are one of the four biodiversity hotspots in India.
Jellyfish: Ancient Ocean Animals with Unique Biology and Ecological Significance (Start of November)
  • Jellyfish have been on Earth for more than 500 million years, predating fish, insects, and trees, and are considered one of the first complex multicellular animals.
  • They possess a simple design, lacking a brain, bones, and blood, with their basic bell-shaped body plan, called the medusa, remaining consistent over hundreds of millions of years.
  • The *Aequorea victoria* jellyfish contains green fluorescent protein (GFP), which has revolutionized cell biology since its discovery in the 1960s and is used in neuroscience and cancer research.
  • Jellyfish are crucial to the marine ecosystem as both predators and prey, and when they die, they form a “jelly-fall” that delivers organic matter and transfers carbon to the deep sea.
  • The “immortal jellyfish” can reverse its life cycle entirely, transforming its adult medusa body back into a polyp stage when stressed, a feature that is a major focus of aging and regeneration research.
  • Jellyfish biology has inspired technological applications, with engineers studying their propulsion for soft robots and medical researchers investigating jellyfish collagen for wound healing and tissue engineering.

Citizen science unveils new shieldtail snake Rhinophis siruvaniensis in Western Ghats plantations

  • Rhinophis siruvaniensis, a new burrowing shieldtail snake, was discovered in a coffee plantation at Jellipara village, Palakkad district, Kerala.
  • The species was formally described in the journal Evolutionary Systematics by scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Wayanad Wild and the Kalinga Foundation.
  • Shieldtails belong to the Uropeltidae family; India and Sri Lanka together host 73 known species, with the genus Rhinophis containing 26 species.
  • Genetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA shows R. siruvaniensis is a 2–4% sequence divergent sister taxon to R. melanoleucus from Wayanad.
  • The study relied on three specimens collected outside protected areas, highlighting that unknown biodiversity can persist in plantation landscapes.
  • Researchers preserved specimens in ethanol, examined scale counts and colour patterns under a stereo microscope and amplified mitochondrial DNA via PCR for species delimitation.
  • Herpetologists caution that exclusive use of mitochondrial DNA can mislead taxonomy; nuclear DNA or low-coverage genome sequencing is needed for firmer species status confirmation.
  • Burrowing snakes possess highly specialised skulls and narrow diets, making them vulnerable to climate change and soil perturbations.
  • The Shieldtail Mapping Project (SMP), a citizen-science platform founded in 2021, has already geo-referenced over 1,200 shieldtail records, six-fold the data gathered by a single researcher in a decade.
  • Future work will micro-CT scan shieldtail skulls to test whether environmental conditions drive morphological change, continuing collaboration between Indian and London Natural History Museum researchers.

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Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) scientists discover two new species of jumping spiders in Meghalaya (Mid of December)
  • Scientists from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have discovered two new species of jumping spiders in Meghalaya.
  • The species are named Asemonea dentis and Colyttus nongwar.
  • Jumping spiders (family Salticidae) are known for their exceptional vision, agile movement, and web-free predatory behaviour.
  • Asemonea dentis is only the third species from its little-known genus to be reported in India, with its name deriving from dentis, Latin for 'tooth', referring to a distinctive tooth-like projection on the male's palpal femur.
  • Colyttus nongwar represents just the second Indian species of the Oriental genus Colyttus, named after Nongwar village in Meghalaya.
  • Meghalaya is one of the world's richest ecological frontiers, and the northeast is a vital component of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot.
Six New Odonate Species Discovered in Silent Valley National Park (End of October)
  • Six new species of dragonflies and damselflies (odonates) were found in Silent Valley National Park.
  • The discovery occurred during an odonate survey held from October 10 to 12.
  • The survey was jointly held by Silent Valley National Park and the Society for Odonate Studies (SOS).
  • The newly recorded species include Long Legged Clubtail (Merogomphus longistigma), Fraser’s Torrent Hawk (Macromia irata), Dark Daggerhead (Macromidia donaldi), Blue-necked Reedtail (Protosticta mortoni), Wayanad Torrent Dart (Euphaea wayanadensis), and Black and Yellow Bambootail (Elattoneura tetrica).
  • With these new records, the total number of known odonate species in Silent Valley National Park has increased from 103 to 109.
  • Three Euphaea species (Euphaea dispar, E. fraseri, and E. wayanadensis) recorded during the survey are known indicators of freshwater quality.
  • Odonates are considered indicators of ecosystem health.
Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) discovers India’s first raft spider, Dolomedes indicus, in Western Ghats streams (Start of December)
  • Researchers identified Dolomedes indicus in the evergreen rainforests of the Western Ghats, specifically in Lakkidi and Periya areas of Wayanad district, Kerala.
  • Dolomedes indicus is an active, semi-aquatic predator that uses water surface tension to detect prey vibrations and captures insects or small fish with rapid movements.
  • The species can swim and dive; one female remained submerged for nearly an hour and a half, breathing via air trapped by hydrophobic body hairs.
  • Males exhibit a distinctive snow-white marking from face to back centre, while larger females display greenish-brown coloration for camouflage among mossy rocks and foliage.
  • Genetic and morphological analyses confirmed Dolomedes indicus as a new species, providing the first verified record of the Dolomedes genus in India.
  • Specimens have been permanently preserved and deposited in the Insect Collection of the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) for future study.
  • The spider thrives only in pristine, cool forest streams, making it a potential indicator species for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health.
New bent-toed gecko species Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka discovered in Assam's Barail Hills (Mid of September)
  • Species name: Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka, a bent-toed gecko newly described in the Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity
  • Research team: Manmath Bharali, Krijoboti Thaosen, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Rupankar Bhattacharjee, Madhurima Das, Sanath Chandra Bohra, and Arup Kumar Hazarika
  • Location: Forested slopes of Jatinga in the Barail Hills, Dima Hasao district, central Assam
  • Naming rationale: 'vanarakshaka' from Sanskrit 'vana' (forest) and 'rakshaka' (protector) to honour the Assam Forest Department
  • Taxonomic placement: Belongs to the Cyrtodactylus khasiensis group noted for high endemism and restricted distribution

James Webb Space Telescope Records Universe's Earliest Supernova

  • The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has observed the universe's earliest supernova, offering a rare glimpse into the early universe.
  • This event shows how massive stars lived short, explosive lives, which helped create the elements needed for planets and life.
  • JWST tracked the earliest ever-known supernova back to the very dawn of the universe, providing direct evidence for the harsh and short lives of the first stars.
  • Astronomers used the near-infrared cameras of the James Webb Space Telescope, specifically the NIRCam instrument, to spot barely perceptible light variations between two sets of observations.
  • The observation was attributed to a core collapse supernova, as per research and a report from the European Space Agency (ESA).
  • The deep space explosion was found in a small, tightly packed, and very lively galaxy that existed during the first billion years after the Big Bang.
  • The star that caused the supernova was extremely large, ran out of its nuclear fuel very fast, and then collapsed under its own weight, propelling heavy metals and leaving a dispersing cloud of material.
  • Supernovae are major factors behind cosmic evolution, as they are the sources of heavy elements needed for forming planets, organic molecules, and complex chemistry.

Similar / Past Coverage

Indian Astronomers Discover Ancient Spiral Galaxy Alaknanda (Start of December)
  • Indian astronomers have discovered 'Alaknanda,' a remarkably well-formed spiral galaxy.
  • The discovery was made by astronomers Rashi Jain and Yogesh Wadadekar from Pune-based National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA).
  • The astronomers used the powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) for this discovery.
  • Galaxy Alaknanda is located 12 billion light years away and is 30,000 light years across.
  • Alaknanda likely formed when the Universe was only about 1.5 billion years old.
  • The galaxy exhibits a mature structure with clear arms, similar to our Milky Way, in a fraction of the time previously thought possible.
  • Alaknanda has the textbook grand spiral design, with two clear spiral arms wrapped around a bright centre.
  • The galaxy is forming new stars at an exceptionally rapid rate, nearly 30 times higher than the Milky Way today.
  • Observations suggest Alaknanda contains around 10 billion times the mass of the Sun in stars.
  • Its spiral arms show a beads-on-a-string pattern that signals active star formation.
  • The discovery challenges existing models of galaxy formation, as scientists believed galaxies that formed this quickly after the Big Bang should be chaotic and irregular in design.
  • The low contribution of light from Alaknanda's central bulge suggests it grew mainly through smooth gas accretion rather than through major collisions.
  • The research on Alaknanda was published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
  • Scientists will continue to study Alaknanda to understand how this galaxy assembled so fast.
UltraViolet Imaging Telescope on AstroSat completes decade of science operations (Start of December)
  • The UltraViolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on board AstroSat, India’s first dedicated space observatory, has completed ten years of operations.
  • UVIT is India’s only ultraviolet space instrument and one of the few worldwide capable of far-UV observations apart from the Hubble Space Telescope.
  • In ten years the telescope has observed 1,451 targets and contributed to about 300 research papers and 19 doctoral theses.
  • Findings include hot compact companions to Be stars, blue stragglers in clusters, extended UV discs in dwarf galaxies, novae in Andromeda, UV emission from distant galaxies at redshift 1.42 and links between UV and X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei.
  • The telescope is built as a twin system: one unit studies the near-UV (200–300 nanometres) and visible bands, while the other captures the far-UV (130–180 nanometres).
  • The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) built and delivered the telescope from its Hosakote campus, designed to capture ultraviolet light that cannot be studied from the ground.
  • Development involved a national consortium including the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) in Pune, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Mumbai and multiple ISRO centres.
  • Improved image products are being uploaded to ISRO’s PRADAN archive and discussions point to a proposed successor mission, the Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope.
Astronomers Spot Possible Primordial Cluster Beyond Neptune (End of November)
  • Astronomers believe they may have discovered evidence of a mysterious structure far beyond Neptune, hidden deep inside the Kuiper Belt.
  • The Kuiper Belt extends approximately 30 to 50 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun and contains icy remnants left behind during the solar system's formation.
  • A team of scientists from Princeton University, led by astrophysicist Aamir Siraj, has identified a new structure at a distance of approximately 43 AU.
  • They believe it could be a 'primordial cluster'—a group of icy objects that has existed virtually unchanged since the early solar system.
  • The extremely calm and stable orbits of these objects indicate the region's antiquity and minimal disruption.
  • This discovery could help explain how giant planets formed and gradually reached their current orbits.
  • The new structure shows even lower eccentricity than the previously identified 'kernel' region, suggesting it may be even older and more stable.
  • According to Princeton researchers, the classical belt's structure should be understood as consisting of three major components: a 'hot' component and two 'cold' components called the core and the kernel.
Unprecedented Brightening of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS Reported (Start of November)
  • Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS exhibited an unprecedented and rapid increase in brightness as it approached the Sun.
  • The finding is significant because the internal composition of 3I/ATLAS could suggest that the planetary system from which it originates has a unique chemical makeup.
  • The unusual event was detected by several space-based observatories, including the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the GOES-19 meteorological satellite, and NASA’s twin spacecraft, STEREO-A and STEREO-B (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory).
  • Comet 3I/ATLAS is only the third known interstellar object to enter our solar system, following the elongated asteroid ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov.
  • Karl Battams of the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, and Qicheng Zhang of the Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, reported the findings in a new paper published on the research repository arXiv.
  • The rapid brightening of 3I/ATLAS far exceeds the brightening rate of most Oort Cloud comets at similar radial distances.
  • Researchers have proposed multiple hypotheses for the anomaly, including the comet’s high velocity as it approaches the Sun, or intrinsic differences in its composition or structure compared to typical Oort Cloud comets.
  • Carbon dioxide sublimation seemed to dominate the comet’s activity even when it was just three times farther from the Sun than Earth, suggesting that cooling effects might have delayed water-ice sublimation.

Hanoi ranks second only to Delhi as world’s most polluted city amid PM2.5 surge

[Vietnam, Delhi]

  • Hanoi has been ranked second with India’s capital New Delhi still holding the first rank in terms of worst AQI index.
  • Levels of PM2.5 pollutants were vastly higher than the World Health Organization’s recommended daily exposure limit.
  • Experts suggest that the cause of pollution can be the emissions from construction sites and the huge number of motorbikes and cars.

Similar / Past Coverage

Ghaziabad tops India’s pollution chart in Nov 2025: CREA (Start of December)
  • Ghaziabad emerged as the most polluted city in India in November 2025, with a monthly average PM2.5 concentration of 224 µg/m³.
  • Noida, Bahadurgarh, Delhi, Hapur, Greater Noida, Baghpat, Sonipat, Meerut and Rohtak joined Ghaziabad in the top 10 most polluted cities.
  • Delhi ranked as the fourth most polluted city, recording a monthly average PM2.5 concentration of 215 µg/m³ in November, about twice its October level of 107 µg/m³.
  • The contribution of stubble burning was comparatively lower this year, an average of seven per cent in November, down from 20 per cent last year.
  • Shillong, Meghalaya was Indiaʼs cleanest city in November, with a monthly average PM2.5 concentration of 7 µg/m³.
World Urbanization Prospects 2025 report released by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (End of November)
  • Jakarta is now the world’s largest city with 41.9 million people, overtaking Tokyo.
  • Dhaka is the second-largest city with 36.6 million people and is projected to become the largest by 2050.
  • Tokyo has fallen to third place with 33.4 million people.
  • The number of megacities has increased to 33, four times more than in 1975.
  • Asia is home to 19 of the 33 megacities and nine of the top 10 largest cities.
  • Cairo is the only non-Asian city in the top 10 with 32 million people.
  • Sao Paulo is the largest city in the Americas with 18.9 million people.
  • Lagos is the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • The UN defines a city as a contiguous agglomeration of one-kilometre-square grid cells with at least 1,500 inhabitants per square kilometre and a total population of at least 50,000.
Asia’s happiest cities of 2025 ranked: Locals say Mumbai, Beijing, and Shanghai bring the most joy (Mid of November)
  • Mumbai is named the happiest city in Asia, with 94% of Mumbaikars saying their city makes them happy.
  • Beijing and Shanghai follow closely behind, with 93% and 92% of locals respectively saying their city makes them happy.
  • Chiang Mai and Hanoi rank in the top 5, each with 88% of residents saying their city makes them happy.
  • Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo ranked lower on the happiness list, with only 70% of Tokyo residents saying their city makes them happy.
  • The 10 happiest cities in Asia in 2025 are Mumbai, Beijing, Shanghai, Chiang Mai, Hanoi, Jakarta, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Singapore, and Seoul.
Swachh Survekshan 2025 Report Ranks India's Dirtiest Cities (Start of November)
  • The Swachh Survekshan 2025 report lists the top 10 dirtiest cities in India.
  • Madurai is ranked as the dirtiest city in India with a score of 4823.
  • Bengaluru is ranked as the fifth dirtiest urban centre in India (in the over-one-million population category) with a score of 6842.
  • Delhi ranks tenth on the list of India’s dirtiest cities with a score of 7920.
  • Ludhiana, Chennai, and Ranchi are also featured among India’s dirtiest cities, ranking second, third, and fourth respectively.
  • Cities such as Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Lucknow, Raipur, and Jabalpur have emerged as strong performers among the cleanest cities.
  • Indore, Surat, and Navi Mumbai earned recognition in the new “Super Swachh League” for their sustained commitment to urban cleanliness.

Sarbananda Sonowal flags off India's first indigenous hydrogen fuel-cell vessel

  • Union Minister Sarbananda Sonowal flagged off India's first indigenous hydrogen fuel-cell vessel in Varanasi.
  • The hydrogen-powered vessel reflects India's growing technological capabilities and its commitment to sustainable energy.
  • Hydrogen engines are an emerging technology offering clean, sustainable energy with near-zero emissions.
  • Research and testing are still underway before full-scale commercial adoption of hydrogen engines.
  • India has now joined the list of countries such as China, Norway, the Netherlands, and Japan that operate hydrogen-powered vessels.
  • The initiative aligns with long-term strategic frameworks, including the Maritime India Vision 2030 (MIV 2030) and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 (MAKV 2047), which outline the roadmap for greener transport, smart infrastructure, and increased use of alternative fuels on inland waterways.

Similar / Past Coverage

Indian Railways debuts world’s longest Broad-Gauge hydrogen train with zero emissions (Mid of December)
  • Indian Railways has completed manufacturing its first hydrogen-powered train on a pilot basis, designed and developed entirely in India.
  • The 10-coach train is the world’s longest hydrogen train on Broad Gauge and delivers 2,400 kW of power.
  • A dedicated hydrogen plant at Jind produces hydrogen through electrolysis for the train’s fuel needs.
  • The train-set comprises two Driving Power Cars of 1,200 kW each and eight passenger coaches, emitting only water vapor and no CO₂.
JSW Energy commissions India's largest green hydrogen plant in Karnataka under PLI scheme (Mid of November)
  • JSW Energy Limited has commissioned its first green hydrogen plant at Vijayanagar in Karnataka.
  • The plant marks the start of commercial operations under the Government of India’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme – Tranche I.
  • The company stated the facility is India’s largest green hydrogen plant.
  • Located next to the JSW Steel facility, the plant will supply green hydrogen directly to JSW Steel’s Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) unit for low-carbon steel production.
  • Under a seven-year offtake agreement with JSW Steel Ltd, the plant will deliver 3,800 tonnes per annum (TPA) of green hydrogen and 30,000 TPA of green oxygen.
  • The facility is part of JSW Energy’s 6,800 TPA allocation under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme managed by the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).
  • JSW Energy has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with JSW Steel to gradually scale up supply to 85,000–90,000 TPA of green hydrogen and 720,000 TPA of green oxygen by 2030.
  • These developments align with India’s plan to achieve around 5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of green hydrogen production by 2030.
Govt launches Rs 100-crore scheme for green hydrogen startups and highlights National Green Hydrogen Mission progress (Mid of September)
  • Union Minister Pralhad Joshi launched a Rs 100-crore scheme for startups to support innovations in green hydrogen production.
  • The scheme will provide up to Rs 5 crore per project for pilot projects in innovative hydrogen production, storage, transport and utilisation technologies.
  • The National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2023 with an outlay of Rs 19,744 crore.
  • The NGHM rests on four pillars: Policy and Regulatory Framework, Demand Creation, R&D and Innovation, and Enabling Infrastructure.
  • A dedicated R&D scheme under NGHM has already awarded 23 projects covering key areas such as safety and integration, hydrogen production from biomass, hydrogen applications, and non-biomass hydrogen production routes.
  • India's first port-based green hydrogen pilot project has been launched at V.O. Chidambaranar Port in Tamil Nadu.
  • The NGHM aims for five million metric tonnes of green hydrogen production annually by 2030, 125 GW of new renewable capacity, investments of Rs 8 lakh crore, creation of six lakh new jobs, and 50 million tonnes of carbon reduction each year.
  • Dedicated hydrogen hubs are being developed at Kandla, Paradip and Tuticorin Ports to strengthen India's export competitiveness.
Bihar Water Metro MoU: Eco-Friendly Urban Transport from Digha Ghat to Kangan Ghat (End of September)
  • MoU signed between Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation (BSTDC) and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) for Patna water metro service.
  • Project cost Rs 908 crore; initial route Digha Paryatan Ghat–Kangan Ghat with stops at NIT Ghat and Gai Ghat.
  • Vessels are hybrid-electric catamarans like ‘MV Nishadraj’, fully air-conditioned, 100-passenger capacity including 2 wheelchair spaces, zero carbon emissions.

Google and Telangana Government Launch Google for Startups AI Hub at T-Hub Hyderabad

[Google, Telangana]

  • Google and the Telangana government launched the Google for Startups hub at T-Hub in Hyderabad.
  • Selected AI-first startups will receive free, year-long coworking seats and curated access to venture investors.
  • Startups will gain mentorship, hands-on AI expertise, and global visibility through the Google for Startups network.
  • T-Hub is a public-private partnership between the Telangana government, IIIT Hyderabad, Indian School of Business (ISB), NALSAR Law University, and private entities.
  • Google experts will conduct in-depth sessions on AI/ML, product, UX, and go-to-market for startups, student founders, and developers.
  • The initiative supports women entrepreneurs, tier-II innovators, and university talent.
  • Google will provide its full stack to startups, including AI capabilities on Google Cloud, Android, Play, and ads.

Similar / Past Coverage

Telangana Government renames city roads after global icons and corporations (Start of December)
  • The state govt has decided to name several roads in the city after US President Donald Trump, Ratan Tata, Google, Microsoft, Wipro, among others.
  • The road along the United States consulate general in Hyderabad is set to be called ‘Donald Trump Avenue'.
  • The upcoming greenfield radial road connecting the ORR at Raviryal with the proposed RRR will be named after Ratan Tata, with the interchange at Raviryal already named ‘Tata Interchange'.
  • A prominent stretch will be named ‘Google Street' in recognition of the global impact and contribution of Google Maps and the corporation at large.
  • Proposals for a Wipro Junction and a Microsoft Road are also under consideration.
Deakin University and Telangana Government activate Joint Centre of Excellence in Applied Artificial Intelligence (Mid of December)
  • Deakin University’s Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute (A²I²) and the Telangana AI Innovation Hub combine to form the Joint Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence.
  • The Centre targets three priority domains: AI for Public Service and Governance, Health and Smart Education AI Solutions, and Climate Resilience and MSME Innovation.
  • The collaboration aligns with India’s National AI Mission and the Australia-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership to deliver citizen-centric AI solutions.
Hub71, UAE-India CEPA Council sign pact to boost cross-border startup expansion (End of November)
  • Hub71, Abu Dhabi's global tech ecosystem, has entered into a strategic partnership with the UAE-India CEPA Council.
  • The agreement was signed on November 21 on the sidelines of the Abu Dhabi Investment Forum (ADIF) in Mumbai.
  • Hub71 will onboard the five winning startups selected through the Series into the Hub71 Immersion Programme.
  • From the five winning startups, Hub71 will select one startup to be onboarded into the Access programme.
  • The UAE-India Startup Series has already received more than 10,000 applications from across India.
Telangana bags Rs 5.75 lakh crore investments (Start of December)
  • Telangana attracted total investment commitments of nearly Rs 5.75 lakh crore at its global summit.
  • Investment proposals worth Rs 2.9 lakh crore were attracted on the final day of the summit.
  • MoUs were signed across multiple sectors including food and agriculture, electronics, manufacturing, data centres, and biotechnology.
  • Top firms pledging investments included Godrej Industries Group, Reliance Consumer Products Limited (RPCL), Kaynes Technology India Limited, and Bharat Biotech.
  • Godrej Group pledged Rs 150 crore to expand its dairy business.
  • Reliance Consumer Products Limited (RPCL) plans a Rs 1,500 crore investment for a manufacturing facility for beverages, snacks, confectionery, and other consumer products.
  • Electronics manufacturer Kaynes Technology India Limited committed Rs 1,000 crore as part of its expansion plans.
  • JCK Infra pledged Rs 9,000 crore for data centre facilities.
  • APG Group plans to invest Rs 6,750 crore for a hyperscale data centre campus.
  • Infrakey Data Centre Parks announced an investment of Rs 70,000 crore.
  • Tokyo-headquartered NTT DATA Group announced a Rs 10,500 crore AI data centre cluster in Hyderabad in April.
  • The Brookfield-Axis Energy Ventures consortium committed to an MoU worth Rs 75,000 crore.
  • Adani Group is setting up a 48-megawatt AI green data centre in Telangana with an investment of Rs 2,500 crore.

Telangana inks pact with Deakin University to set up India’s first AI Centre of Excellence

[Telangana, Deakin University]

  • The Telangana government signed an MoU with Australia’s Deakin University to establish a Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence.
  • The Centre will be housed within the upcoming AI University at the Future City and jointly run by Deakin’s Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute.
  • Focus sectors for research and skill development include governance, healthcare, education, IT, life sciences, agriculture, critical minerals and rare earth metals.

Similar / Past Coverage

Deakin University and Telangana Government activate Joint Centre of Excellence in Applied Artificial Intelligence (Mid of December)
  • Deakin University’s Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute (A²I²) and the Telangana AI Innovation Hub combine to form the Joint Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence.
  • The Centre targets three priority domains: AI for Public Service and Governance, Health and Smart Education AI Solutions, and Climate Resilience and MSME Innovation.
  • The collaboration aligns with India’s National AI Mission and the Australia-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership to deliver citizen-centric AI solutions.
AIIMS Delhi installs da Vinci robot for robotic-assisted surgery training (Mid of September)
  • AIIMS Delhi now has two surgical robots purely for training: a newly installed da Vinci Surgical Robot and an existing Hugo training robot provided by Medtronic.
  • The da Vinci robot was provided by Intuitive Surgical under a memorandum of understanding and is housed in the Skills, E-learning and Telemedicine (SET) facility.
  • The training facility supports learning across specialities including urology, gynaecology, general surgery, surgical oncology, and head and neck surgery.
  • The centre allows students, nurses, residents, healthcare professionals, and faculty to practise on manikins and simulators in stress-free sessions.
  • AIIMS Delhi Director Dr M Srinivas stated that the centre eliminates the need for surgeons to travel abroad and pay large sums for robotic surgery training.
Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan inaugurates AI innovation and incubation centre at DPS RK Puram (Mid of November)
  • The centre is developed in collaboration with VVDN Technologies and Google Cloud
  • Technologies available include Google Cloud’s Vertex AI and Gemini Enterprise platforms
  • Students will gain hands-on experience with humanoid and companion robotics (AIBO, Unitree G1), AR/VR glasses, IoT kits, and Raspberry Pi systems
  • The facility will serve as a shared innovation resource for neighbouring and government schools
  • The initiative aligns with the Union government’s four-level AI curriculum for students from Class 6 onwards, covering foundational AI to generative AI applications
C-DOT and IIT-Gandhinagar sign MoU to establish Centre of Excellence for next-gen telecom innovation (Mid of November)
  • Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) and Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar (IIT-GN) signed an MoU to set up a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for telecom and cybersecurity research
  • The CoE will focus on Mobile Communications, Cyber Security, Quantum Communication, Advanced AI, and Advanced Telecom Applications
  • The centre will enable collaboration between IIT Gandhinagar students, faculty, researchers and C-DOT researchers in Telecom and ICT domain
  • It will support incubation, mentoring, and collaboration with startups, industries, and academia to foster innovation and entrepreneurship
  • The initiative aligns with national missions for telecom, semiconductor, and digital transformation to create an industry-ready workforce

India to host inaugural Commonwealth Kho Kho Championship

[Commonwealth]

  • Over 24 countries will compete in the inaugural Commonwealth Kho Kho Championship from March 9 to 14 next year, for which the venue is yet to be finalised in India.
  • The event will see 16 men's and as many women's teams competing.
  • Ahmedabad was recently officially confirmed as the host city for the 2030 Commonwealth Games.

Similar / Past Coverage

Chandigarh University defends Khelo India University Games 2025 title (Start of December)
  • Chandigarh University topped the KIUG 2025 medal table with 42 gold, 14 silver and 11 bronze medals.
  • Lovely Professional University finished runner-up with 32 gold, 25 silver and 22 bronze medals.
  • The Games were held across seven cities in Rajasthan: Jaipur, Ajmer, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Kota and Bharatpur.
  • Jain University’s Srihari Nataraj was the most successful athlete, winning nine gold and two silver medals.
  • Pooja Singh broke the Khelo India University Games high jump meet record with a 1.77 m clearance.
Squash World Cup 2025 returns to Chennai for third consecutive edition (Mid of December)
  • The Squash World Cup 2025 returns to Chennai for the third consecutive year, with the 2025 edition scheduled to take place from December 9 to 14 at the Express Avenue Mall and Indian Squash Academy (ISA).
  • India is the only nation to host consecutive Squash World Cups, both staged in Chennai’s top venues.
  • A total of 12 teams, divided into four groups of three teams each, will fight for the trophy.
WFDF 2025 World Beach Ultimate Championships Scheduled for November (Mid of November)
  • The event is named WFDF 2025 World Beach Ultimate Championships (WBUC).
  • The event is scheduled from November 16 to November 22.
  • The organizer of the event is the World Flying Disc Federation WFDF.
Uttarakhand CM Dhami inaugurates Asian Cadet Cup India-2025 in Haldwani (End of September)
  • Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami inaugurated the Asian Cadet Cup India-2025 on Friday.
  • The Asian Cadet Cup India-2025 is organized by the Fencing Association of India at Manaskhand Hall, Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium, Haldwani.
  • The five-day competition, being organised under the aegis of the Asian Fencing Confederation, will continue until September 23.
  • Over 250 athletes are participating, including around 150 from India, across boys' and girls' categories.
  • Players from countries such as Tajikistan, Syria, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia are also competing.
  • Uttarakhand athletes won 103 medals in the National Games, securing the 7th rank for the first time.
  • The state has invested Rs 517 crore in world-class sports infrastructure.
  • The government is committed to establishing Uttarakhand's first Sports University and Women's Sports College in Haldwani.
  • A Sports Legacy Plan will set up 23 sports academies across eight major cities of the state.

Lando Norris wins 2025 F1 World Championship

  • Lando Norris won the 2025 F1 World Championship.
  • Max Verstappen lost the 2025 F1 World Championship to Lando Norris by two points.
  • Max Verstappen secured the highest earnings among F1 drivers with approximately $76 million.
  • Lewis Hamilton earned $70.5 million.
  • Lando Norris ranked third on the Highest-Paid F1 Drivers list with a $57.5 million paycheck.

Similar / Past Coverage

Lando Norris claims maiden Formula One world drivers' title (Start of December)
  • Norris finished third in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix to secure the championship by two points.
  • Max Verstappen won the race but ended the season two points behind Norris in the final standings.
  • McLaren teammate Oscar Piastri also contended for the title, finishing third in the standings.
Verstappen wins in Las Vegas; McLaren handed double disqualification (End of November)
  • Max Verstappen claimed his second Las Vegas Grand Prix win ahead of championship leader Lando Norris.
  • Norris and McLaren teammate Oscar Piastri were later disqualified by stewards for illegal plank wear.
  • The disqualification puts pressure on McLaren's drivers as Verstappen goes level with Piastri on points and Norris' lead is cut to 24 points.
  • There are a maximum of 58 points available with two grands prix remaining, including one sprint race at next week's Qatar Grand Prix.
  • Verstappen won the Las Vegas race by almost 21 seconds as Norris had late car trouble.
  • Norris denied Mercedes driver George Russell second place before the line, but the disqualification result means both Mercedes drivers have now been elevated to the podium.
  • Piastri finished a distant fourth as his run of failing to finish ahead of teammate Norris continued.
  • Verstappen has now won four of the seven races since the summer break.
  • Norris started from the pole position and moved across the track aggressively to keep Verstappen behind but then ran deep at Turn 1.
  • Piastri, starting fifth, was lucky to escape a race ender when he was hit by Racing Bulls driver Liam Lawson at Turn 1.
  • Ferrari driver Charles Leclerc finished sixth (now fourth) behind Antonelli.
  • Lewis Hamilton charged from the back of the grid to 10th (now eighth).
  • Williams driver Carlos Sainz finished seventh (now fifth).
Max Verstappen wins Azerbaijan Grand Prix; Carlos Sainz Jr. secures Williams' first podium in four years (End of September)
  • Max Verstappen wins F1’s Azerbaijan GP.
  • The Azerbaijan Formula One Grand Prix took place in Baku, Azerbaijan, on Sunday, Sept. 21, 2025.
  • Red Bull driver Max Verstappen of the Netherlands won the race.
  • George Russell took second place for Mercedes.
  • Carlos Sainz, Jr. was third for Williams, marking the team’s first podium finish in four years.
  • McLaren driver Oscar Piastri crashed on lap 1.
  • Lando Norris finished seventh, which allowed him to trim Oscar Piastri's Formula 1 points advantage from 31 points to 25.
  • Kimi Antonelli finished fourth for Mercedes.
  • Liam Lawson of Racing Bulls finished a career-best fifth.
  • Red Bull’s Yuki Tsunoda was sixth.
  • Lewis Hamilton finished eighth.
  • Charles Leclerc finished ninth.
  • Racing Bulls’ Isack Hadjar was 10th.
Oscar Piastri receives The Don Award, Australia's highest sports honour (Mid of November)
  • Oscar Piastri was bestowed The Don Award, Australia's highest sports honour, named after cricket legend Sir Donald Bradman.
  • He received the award while preparing for the Las Vegas Grand Prix.
  • Piastri’s 2025 season included seven Grand Prix victories and 14 podium finishes, securing him second in the drivers' standings.

UNICEF Foundation Day 2025: December 11, Theme 'My Day, My Rights'

[UNICEF]

  • UNICEF Foundation Day is observed on December 11 every year.
  • The official theme for UNICEF Foundation Day 2025 is 'My Day, My Rights'.
  • UNICEF was established on December 11, 1946 to supply food, clothing, and medical care to children in post-World War II Europe.
  • UNICEF stands for the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, a name used until 1953.
  • UNICEF was founded in 1946 by Ludwik Rajchman.

Similar / Past Coverage

International Volunteer Day observed on 5 December with theme 'Every Contribution Matters' (Start of December)
  • International Volunteer Day (IVD) is celebrated on 5 December every year.
  • It started as an international observance mandated by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1985.
  • The theme for International Volunteer Day (IVD) 2025 is “Every Contribution Matters.”
  • International Volunteer Day (IVD) 2025 marks the official global launch of the International Year of Volunteers for Sustainable Development (IVY 2026).
  • The International Year of Volunteers for Sustainable Development (IVY 2026) will be globally launched on 5 December at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly Hall in New York.
  • United Nations (UN) General Assembly Resolution A/RES/78/127 calls for a worldwide movement to recognize the vital role of volunteers in accelerating progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.
  • The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme recognizes shared universal values underpinning volunteerism, including free will, commitment, equity, engagement, solidarity, compassion, empathy, and respect for others.
  • The State of the World’s Volunteerism Report (SWVR) is a flagship United Nations (UN) publication produced every three years.
  • The latest edition of the State of the World’s Volunteerism Report (SWVR) is titled 'Building Equal and Inclusive Societies'.
  • There are an estimated 1 billion volunteers worldwide, with around 70% volunteering informally and 30% engaging through formal organizations.
  • International Year of Volunteers was observed in 2001.
International Jury for IFFI 2025 Announced (End of November)
  • The International Jury for IFFI 2025 will be chaired by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra.
  • Graeme Clifford (Australia) is a member of the International Jury.
  • Remi Adefarasin (UK) is a member of the International Jury.
  • Katharina Schüttler (Germany) is a member of the International Jury.
  • Chandran Rutnam (Sri Lanka) is a member of the International Jury.
World Day for Preventing and Healing from Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse observed on November 18 (End of November)
  • The World Day for the Prevention of and Healing from Child Sexual Exploitation, Abuse, and Violence is marked every year on November 18.
  • This observance was established in 2022 by the UN General Assembly.
  • On November 7, 2022, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution A/RES/77/8, officially designating November 18 as the World Day.
  • The observance aims to raise awareness of child sexual abuse, strengthen global action, and support survivors in their journey toward healing and justice.
  • The theme for the 2025 commemoration is “Strengthening the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse Through Evidence-Based Policy Making.”
World Children's Day 2025 observed on 20 November: Theme 'Listen to children, amplify their voices' (End of November)
  • World Children's Day is commemorated every 20 November, the date on which the Convention on the Rights of the Child was signed.
  • The Convention on the Rights of the Child is described as 'the most widely ratified treaty in history.'
  • The 2025 observance highlights the call to 'listen to children' and 'amplify their voices as they stand up for their rights.'

Bhartiya Bhasha Utsav 2025 celebrated with theme Many Languages, One Emotion

  • Bhartiya Bhasha Utsav 2025 was celebrated by the Ministry of Education at the National Bal Bhawan, New Delhi, marking the birth anniversary of Mahakavi Subramania Bharati.
  • The theme of the event was 'Many Languages, One Emotion'.
  • Adi Vaani, India's first AI-powered tribal language translator, was demonstrated live at the event.

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Hindi Diwas 2025 observed on 14 September: History, significance and key facts (Mid of September)
  • Hindi Diwas is celebrated every year on September 14 to honour Hindi as one of India’s most widely spoken languages.
  • The day commemorates the adoption of Hindi as an official language of India in 1949.
  • Hindi Diwas 2025 will be observed on 14 September, Sunday.
Bharat-Sri Lanka Sanskrit Mahotsav inaugurated at University of Colombo (Mid of November)
  • The week-long Bharat-Sri Lanka Sanskrit Mahotsav was inaugurated at the University of Colombo.
  • The festival is jointly organised by the Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre, Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Education, the Central Sanskrit University, and the India-Sri Lanka Foundation.
  • The event brings together scholars, monks, and students from India and Sri Lanka to celebrate Sanskrit as a shared civilisational legacy.
India-Sri Lanka Partnership Inaugurates Multi-Ethnic Trilingual School (Start of November)
  • The occasion was marked by the inauguration of a Multi-Ethnic Trilingual School.
  • The school is located in Polonnaruwa.
  • The project was realized through an Indian grant surpassing SLR 320 million.
  • The school stands as a testament to the collaborative spirit fostered by the 2017 Memorandum of Understanding between the two nations for promoting quality education.
  • Prime Minister Harini Amarasuriya and the Indian High Commissioner, Santosh Jha, were among the distinguished guests at the ceremony.
IIM Udaipur Partners to Strengthen India's Data, Monitoring, and AI Ecosystem (End of September)
  • The Indian Institute of Management Udaipur (IIMU) has entered into a series of landmark collaborations with leading national institutions to advance India's data, monitoring, and artificial intelligence ecosystem.
  • IIM Udaipur signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with MoSPI's Data Informatics & Innovation Division to serve as a Knowledge Partner for the Data Innovation Lab.
  • IIM Udaipur, through its Centre for Development Policy and Management (CDPM), signed a Joint Statement of Intent (SOI) with NITI Aayog's DMEO.
  • IIM Udaipur has also become an empanelled member under Anusandhan Mitra in collaboration with Bhashini, the National Language Translation Mission.
  • The MoSPI collaboration will engage students, researchers, and faculty in solving real-world statistical challenges, fostering innovative solutions, and promoting knowledge exchange in data analytics and applied statistics.
  • The NITI Aayog partnership focuses on advancing India's monitoring and evaluation ecosystem by adapting global best practices to the Indian context, developing toolkits and curricula, and conducting training programs for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers.
  • The Bhashini initiative aims to advance AI and ML for Indian languages by creating regional hubs, strengthening datasets for under-represented languages, fostering research in speech and language technologies, and building skills among students and researchers to co-develop innovative language solutions with local communities.

Bihar to get first power museum announced on December 11, 2025

[Bihar]

  • Bihar is all set to get country’s first-ever power museum.
  • The museum will be developed on the 3-acre campus of the decommissioned Karbigahiya Thermal Power Station in Patna.
  • The museum is envisioned not only to preserve Bihar's rich power-sector heritage but also to boost tourism and serve as a centre for educational and industrial research.
  • Advisor to the chief minister of Bihar and director general of Bihar Museum Anjani Kumar Singh reviewed the complete project plan.

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INS Gomati relics to anchor Lucknow’s upcoming Naval Museum (Start of November)
  • The museum, named 'Nausena Shaurya Sangrahalaya', is being built on 15,800 sqm of land near Ekana Stadium in Lucknow at an estimated budget of Rs 23 crore.
  • 20 per cent of the physical work on the museum has been completed.
  • Relics from the decommissioned INS Gomati will be displayed in the museum.
  • A TU-142 Naval aircraft and an SK-42B helicopter are also being relocated from INS Rajali, Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, for display.
  • INS Gomati was decommissioned in May 2022 after 34 years of service.
  • The project includes a Nausena Sangrahalay and an open-air Nausena Shaurya Vaatika displaying remnants like mast and anchor from the ship.
  • Interactive features will include touchscreens, projection walls, 360-degree cockpit experiences, and a replicated submarine control room.
  • The Indian Navy is guiding curation, installation of decommissioned assets, and thematic design to ensure authenticity.
Mukhyamantri Bharat Darshan Yojana: Secondary School Students to Explore India (Start of December)
  • The 'Mukhyamantri Bharat Darshan Yojana' is an initiative for students studying in state government-run secondary schools in Bihar.
  • The scheme aims to take these students on tours of India's important sites and research institutions.
  • State’s education minister Sunil Kumar directed officials to implement this scheme, which is expected to come into effect in the next few months.
  • Potential destinations include historical monuments like the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Qutub Minar, Charminar of Hyderabad, and Agra Fort.
  • This new scheme for secondary school students expands upon the existing ‘Mukhyamantri Bihar Darshan Yojana’ for primary and middle school children touring within the state.
Bihar Water Metro MoU: Eco-Friendly Urban Transport from Digha Ghat to Kangan Ghat (End of September)
  • MoU signed between Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation (BSTDC) and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) for Patna water metro service.
  • Project cost Rs 908 crore; initial route Digha Paryatan Ghat–Kangan Ghat with stops at NIT Ghat and Gai Ghat.
  • Vessels are hybrid-electric catamarans like ‘MV Nishadraj’, fully air-conditioned, 100-passenger capacity including 2 wheelchair spaces, zero carbon emissions.
Bihar Development Projects: Purnea Airport, National Makhana Board, and Rail Connectivity (Mid of September)
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Bihar on Monday to inaugurate the long-awaited Purnea Airport and launch development projects worth ₹36,000 crore.
  • The Purnia Civil Enclave Airport is seen as a major milestone for northeastern Bihar.
  • The Purnia Civil Enclave Airport is equipped with a 2,800-meter runway suitable for large aircraft like Airbus and Boeing, and a 4,000-square-meter terminal building featuring modern passenger amenities.
  • The airport is expected to handle the region's growing air traffic for the next 40 years.
  • PM Modi will also launch the National Makhana Board.
  • The National Makhana Board is a significant step to boost Bihar's Makhana industry, which accounts for about 90 per cent of the national production.
  • The Board will support farmers with improved technology, post-harvest management, market access, and export promotion.
  • PM Modi will also lay the foundation stone for new railway lines and inaugurate train services to further strengthen rail connectivity in the region.